Let’s get physical: How physical parameters shape groundwater variables

Introduction:

Here we have two different datasets from water samples taken on Hawai’i Island. The first dataset, “RV” consist of all groundwater variables that UH hydrology researchers are wanting to investigate. Some of the variables included are pH, chloride, and sulfate, among others. The second dataset, “EV” includes all the physical variables from the water samples that they think are responsible for influencing the groundwater variables. These include such variables as temperature, salinity, and conductivity. Here, we will investigate how the physical water variables influence groundwater variables. Many of the groundwater variables play various key roles in the marine ecosystem. The physical variables, to an extent, are influenced by human activity. Knowing how these two interact is important when creating rules and guidelines regarding coastal usage.

Initial Hypothesis:
H_A: Physical water variables do influence ground water variables.
H₀: Physical water variables do not influence ground water variables.

Data:

Using this dashboard link we can look at some data visualizations.

RV <- read.csv("data/gwd_all_raw.csv", row.names = 1)


EV <- read.csv("data/gwd_pred.csv", row.names = 1)

RV %>%
  kable() %>%
  kable_styling()

	pH	Chloride	Sulfate	Sodium	Potassium	Magnesium	Calcium	Alkalinity	Barium	Chromium	Silicon	Strontium	Vanadium	Zinc
Kalaoa Deepwell	7.780	9.80	28.530	31.45	5.270	11.400	12.375	93.0	0.00000	0.002600	23.43750	0.025875	0.0875833	0.003225
Holualoa Deepwell	7.850	224.00	36.445	130.00	7.650	24.045	26.000	54.0	0.01055	0.001700	19.29000	0.132625	0.0387000	0.008550
Queen Liliuokalani Trust (Keahuolu) Deepwell	7.930	6.50	10.050	16.70	3.300	6.000	10.130	56.0	0.00360	0.002150	20.22000	0.024300	0.0560000	0.002050
Honokohau Deepwell	7.825	7.80	20.020	25.70	4.165	7.755	10.100	76.0	0.00205	0.000900	23.03250	0.012300	0.0379000	0.003375
Puu Lani	8.145	41.00	48.800	53.60	3.860	10.530	17.390	79.0	0.00090	0.003100	18.93000	0.045850	0.1348667	0.002000
Puu Waawaa	8.150	21.00	25.400	34.50	2.920	7.800	11.410	68.5	0.00000	0.002400	19.85500	0.030000	0.1125333	0.038950
NELHA Well #3B	7.930	4336.00	620.800	2391.00	85.000	357.580	87.100	85.0	0.00000	0.000000	17.39250	1.705375	0.0724667	0.001375
NELHA Well #3A	7.960	4517.00	640.400	2629.20	91.000	366.300	83.700	85.0	0.00000	0.000000	17.50000	1.600000	0.0628000	0.000000
NELHA Well #3	7.770	14907.00	2139.700	8291.50	285.870	1179.200	226.310	98.5	0.00000	0.000000	9.40625	5.296250	0.0000000	0.000000
NELHA Well #9B	7.760	8441.30	1218.300	4893.20	161.150	717.880	157.820	92.0	0.00000	0.000000	13.45000	3.089000	0.0534000	0.000000
NELHA Well #9A	7.710	11537.00	1640.400	6379.00	223.000	939.400	180.270	100.0	0.00000	0.000000	11.00300	4.202500	0.0000000	0.000000
NELHA Well #9	7.760	13152.00	1871.000	7328.90	253.370	1071.800	215.470	102.0	0.00000	0.000000	9.40250	4.697500	0.0000000	0.000000
NELHA A3	7.785	7459.00	1064.600	4464.10	146.000	632.800	120.200	87.0	0.00630	0.000000	14.92000	2.756500	0.0474000	0.008000
NELHA A2	7.775	6021.00	843.600	3715.90	120.000	498.000	104.000	85.0	0.00500	0.000000	16.36000	2.173000	0.0653333	0.005500
NELHA Well #12B	8.010	5555.00	761.800	3207.70	114.000	430.500	92.500	97.0	0.00280	0.002000	19.68625	1.892875	0.0811000	0.000750
NELHA Well #12A	7.840	12521.00	1779.000	7060.80	247.200	1026.700	198.000	98.0	0.00000	0.000000	13.06000	4.218750	0.0000000	0.000000
NELHA Well #12	7.800	15316.00	2188.000	8671.00	305.200	1193.330	230.090	103.0	0.00000	0.000000	8.66875	5.451250	0.0000000	0.000000
NELHA A1	7.990	7909.00	1132.200	5183.00	159.000	609.640	141.230	108.0	0.01500	0.000000	14.89500	2.549500	0.0705000	0.003000
Kohanaiki #1	7.930	5491.00	766.900	3546.00	110.000	352.800	75.400	NA	0.00570	0.000000	17.28000	1.730000	0.0526000	0.000000
Kohanaiki #5	7.920	4157.40	589.100	2471.70	88.100	354.300	76.800	83.5	0.00000	0.000000	17.34000	1.597500	0.0562000	0.000000
Kohanaiki #4	7.870	4426.00	638.000	2440.00	87.000	355.850	81.240	80.5	0.00000	0.000000	17.50500	1.690000	0.0558000	0.000000
Kohanaiki #2	7.835	5355.00	755.450	3210.50	105.500	399.250	103.000	77.0	0.00250	0.000000	8.45500	0.900000	0.0280000	0.000000
Kohanaiki #7	7.815	4717.25	673.050	2715.60	94.800	392.345	87.485	76.0	0.00000	0.000000	17.13375	1.716000	0.0719833	0.001500
Kohanaiki #3	7.950	5299.00	739.700	3422.00	106.000	341.700	73.500	NA	0.00510	0.000000	17.67000	1.700000	0.0590000	0.000000
Kohanaiki #6	7.745	5213.50	739.675	2974.05	103.000	423.770	94.635	84.0	0.00000	0.000000	16.81750	1.806000	0.0633000	0.000000
Kohanaiki A2	7.460	6724.00	929.600	4126.00	133.000	466.290	123.630	84.0	0.00650	0.000000	14.39500	2.501000	0.0407000	0.003500
Kohanaiki A30	7.720	6490.00	900.400	3855.00	131.000	412.000	107.500	88.5	0.00000	0.000000	14.28000	1.958000	0.0411000	0.000000
Kohanaiki A43	8.055	7260.00	1032.500	4329.50	141.500	560.650	143.350	88.0	0.03405	0.000000	14.45500	2.523500	0.0233500	0.009750
Kohanaiki A5	8.050	7149.00	993.300	4572.00	141.000	459.200	101.400	NA	0.00670	0.000000	14.56000	2.020000	0.0397000	0.000000
Kohanaiki A69	7.590	7900.00	1130.000	4358.00	152.000	548.000	119.300	84.0	0.02100	0.000000	13.05000	2.459500	0.0286000	0.004500
Kohanaiki A76	8.260	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	0.00000	0.000000	0.00000	0.000000	0.0000000	0.000000
Kohanaiki A172	8.230	7533.00	1099.000	4139.00	144.000	594.060	134.500	87.5	0.01050	0.000000	10.76000	3.011500	0.0000000	0.000000
Kohanaiki A121	7.980	8395.00	1189.900	5447.00	165.000	538.300	116.800	76.0	0.00790	0.000000	12.28000	2.280000	0.0250000	0.000000
Kohanaiki A139	8.210	9398.00	1340.000	5626.00	182.500	752.550	186.500	94.0	0.05090	0.000000	12.02500	3.205000	0.0169500	0.012000
QLT A30	7.700	7138.00	975.800	4603.00	142.000	491.300	99.400	NA	0.00600	0.000000	13.43000	2.340000	0.0262000	0.000000
QLT A5	7.765	10010.45	1404.100	5739.80	200.150	792.550	156.350	84.0	0.00395	0.000000	10.71950	3.431250	0.0381833	0.011000
QLT A8	7.225	7981.80	1095.350	4562.00	159.350	624.220	131.570	74.0	0.01075	0.000000	12.18350	2.766750	0.0386000	0.002250
QLT A36	7.090	7546.25	1032.900	4362.45	153.800	628.100	129.300	80.0	0.01075	0.000000	12.93000	2.633125	0.0449500	0.002250
QLT A4S	7.055	8029.60	1121.200	4626.35	162.350	654.740	132.360	77.0	0.00315	0.000000	12.19650	2.826750	0.0370000	0.001750
QLT A1	7.000	7437.65	1027.300	4242.85	149.900	584.435	124.200	79.0	0.00310	0.000000	12.91750	2.575000	0.0215000	0.005000
QLT A32	6.885	8892.65	1226.700	5368.25	174.550	667.200	147.100	78.0	0.00340	0.000000	12.07850	2.805500	0.0000000	0.000000
QLT Maka Eo	7.640	7636.80	1044.700	4385.95	151.150	597.820	122.460	76.0	0.00295	0.000000	12.95300	2.528500	0.0464500	0.006750
Parker Ranch Deepwell	7.850	8.00	3.100	12.00	2.700	7.500	10.900	64.0	0.00000	0.000000	22.57000	0.099500	0.0070000	0.020650
Parker #2 Deepwell	7.890	112.00	27.700	76.40	6.310	22.950	16.700	84.0	0.00610	0.004100	24.93500	0.086900	0.0541667	0.003750
Lalamilo B Deepwell	7.830	76.90	22.800	54.50	5.450	19.230	14.860	82.0	0.00430	0.003700	25.17000	0.069550	0.0505667	0.002350
Lalamilo A Deepwell	7.900	73.00	21.300	54.00	5.230	18.400	14.460	82.0	0.00450	0.003450	26.89000	0.070000	0.0460667	0.011650
Parker #4 Deepwell	7.910	124.40	31.600	83.20	6.700	23.000	16.000	84.0	0.00600	0.004050	25.34500	0.085150	0.0537333	0.002250
Lalamilo C Deepwell	7.855	95.60	24.700	64.90	6.220	19.815	15.080	80.0	0.00585	0.003600	26.07000	0.077550	0.0496167	0.002250
Kahaluu B Deepwell	7.950	251.80	42.940	148.15	5.960	23.895	26.245	42.5	0.01015	0.001850	20.22500	0.159725	0.0444167	0.004125
Kahaluu D Deepwell	7.520	242.00	41.800	144.00	6.000	23.800	25.100	42.0	0.01030	0.001700	20.21000	0.153000	0.0468667	0.000000
Kahaluu C Deepwell	7.850	56.40	16.600	38.00	3.050	8.300	13.300	42.0	0.00000	0.002000	20.34000	0.044150	0.0485333	0.006500
Kahaluu A Deepwell	7.920	138.00	27.400	82.00	4.500	14.550	21.450	42.5	0.00000	0.001000	22.27500	0.098750	0.0443000	0.017550
Palani Ranch Deepwell	7.975	8.50	22.150	26.50	4.000	8.600	11.450	76.0	0.00305	0.001075	23.61000	0.025375	0.0735833	0.006025
Ocean End Member 28m	7.980	19484.00	2749.600	11117.90	386.800	1597.970	314.960	117.0	0.00000	0.000000	0.00000	6.830000	0.0000000	0.018750
Ocean End Member 674m	7.520	19747.00	2769.600	11035.00	387.000	1582.190	319.140	120.0	0.00000	0.000000	2.18400	6.942000	0.0000000	0.007500
Ocean End Member 900m	7.420	20055.00	2865.300	11385.00	391.100	1552.900	300.700	123.0	0.00000	0.000000	3.22000	7.356000	0.0000000	0.000000
Keei B Deepwell	7.425	245.00	39.300	147.00	6.000	23.800	16.500	37.5	0.00000	0.000000	24.51000	0.125000	0.0430000	0.160600
Keei D Deepwell	7.790	4.00	10.500	13.00	1.790	3.800	8.190	38.0	0.00000	0.001400	19.47500	0.016600	0.0520000	0.003650
Halekii Deepwell	7.820	4.60	15.000	17.00	2.100	3.700	8.610	42.0	0.00000	0.001500	21.08000	0.017850	0.0544667	0.007800
Kahaluu Shaft	7.820	389.00	61.400	206.80	8.000	36.200	40.100	42.0	0.00990	0.001900	20.18000	0.218000	0.0387500	0.001150
Keei A Deepwell	7.680	401.00	66.000	233.00	9.000	41.700	24.100	37.0	0.00000	0.001200	21.41000	0.204850	0.0450000	0.093400
Kukio R-O Feed	7.160	188.65	111.100	111.05	11.155	114.690	44.675	382.0	0.00775	0.000950	32.10750	0.099475	0.0869500	0.012775
Huehue Ranch 5	7.110	84.50	314.400	165.40	9.400	138.400	48.300	486.0	0.00000	0.000000	27.63500	0.061900	0.0747000	0.077750
Huehue Ranch 2	6.940	200.00	69.000	114.00	11.000	100.000	45.980	358.0	0.01050	0.001000	33.11000	0.111000	0.0950000	0.008200
Huehue Ranch 3	7.080	171.00	242.000	98.00	9.000	152.800	43.800	365.0	0.00180	0.000000	28.34000	0.070000	0.0750000	0.004750
Fifty-One FT STP	7.875	1092.00	190.600	640.50	27.500	90.250	38.300	68.5	0.00530	0.001500	24.54500	0.372450	0.1097000	0.005450
Waikoloa Irr 3	8.030	568.40	116.860	340.60	15.900	59.140	21.600	66.0	0.00530	0.002900	23.87000	0.224900	0.1073333	0.001600
DW-7	7.990	26.40	16.400	33.00	4.000	14.550	10.400	84.0	0.00360	0.003850	25.88000	0.044100	0.0519333	0.002400
Waikoloa DW-6	7.970	128.20	41.000	97.40	8.050	27.200	15.380	111.0	0.00770	0.003700	26.30000	0.089550	0.0597667	0.002100
Waikoloa 2	7.930	116.00	38.000	87.00	7.000	27.100	16.560	103.0	0.00750	0.004050	27.66000	0.088700	0.0627000	0.001850
Waikoloa 3	7.870	68.00	30.600	63.50	6.020	19.060	12.700	103.0	0.00350	0.003350	26.54500	0.064950	0.0635333	0.002700
Parker 4	7.970	30.00	17.470	34.80	4.200	14.500	10.890	84.0	0.00230	0.004000	25.67000	0.046200	0.0527667	0.001600
Parker 5	8.190	28.00	16.600	34.00	4.000	12.900	9.900	82.0	0.00000	0.000000	31.99000	0.048000	0.0550000	0.000000
NELHA Well #1	7.760	6236.00	909.600	3567.50	124.000	546.700	122.000	86.0	0.00000	0.000000	16.05000	2.495750	0.0490000	0.007250
Keopu 2	8.375	6.00	8.650	13.85	2.875	6.070	11.935	50.0	0.00215	0.001400	18.26250	0.026775	0.0461167	0.050625
Keopu 1	10.770	609.00	85.000	332.00	18.000	1.200	124.400	39.0	0.01130	0.000000	1.26000	0.327950	0.0000000	0.002500
Kahaluu DW1 (96m)	8.490	4910.00	640.000	2599.00	89.000	312.500	133.500	46.0	0.00000	0.000000	0.00000	0.000000	0.0000000	0.000000
Kahaluu DW1 (115m)	8.270	12635.00	1760.000	6901.00	221.000	1063.100	310.500	82.0	0.00000	0.000000	0.00000	0.000000	0.0000000	0.000000
Parker #3 Deepwell	7.815	49.35	19.320	42.30	4.920	16.305	13.030	83.0	0.00480	0.004150	25.57750	0.054750	0.0534500	0.001575
Waikoloa 1	8.015	27.85	16.400	32.05	4.005	14.400	11.115	84.5	0.00530	0.004250	25.98750	0.043775	0.0542500	0.008475
Resort Irr 2	7.940	679.00	132.000	398.00	18.000	64.600	28.600	64.0	0.01530	0.004800	34.20000	0.406350	0.1657000	0.009750
Resort 1	8.040	730.95	136.650	441.50	19.460	73.160	23.850	66.0	0.00385	0.003450	22.46500	0.288700	0.1124000	0.004275
Nursery	7.905	1001.15	175.350	601.35	25.350	97.060	28.600	68.0	0.00575	0.003200	22.41000	0.374650	0.1036167	0.003400
Keopu Deepwell	7.920	6.10	9.970	16.10	3.530	6.200	10.300	57.0	0.00120	0.002375	19.71250	0.023550	0.0561167	0.007750
Kohanaiki A46	7.110	4882.50	696.400	2733.15	98.460	442.910	123.825	71.5	0.03450	0.000000	12.79500	1.960500	0.0296667	0.015625
Kohanaiki A77	7.850	7646.00	1079.000	4212.00	146.000	684.800	195.200	91.0	0.00000	0.000000	14.68000	3.089250	0.0000000	0.023250
Kohanaiki A120	8.200	8399.00	1217.000	4612.00	156.000	731.800	206.400	90.0	0.00000	0.000000	0.00000	0.000000	0.0000000	0.000000
Kau (Makalei) Deepwell	7.305	238.80	64.650	129.70	13.415	76.030	42.395	245.0	0.01355	0.001575	30.62750	0.099550	0.1015167	0.077550
Kekaha Kai - Small Pool	7.500	6033.10	880.200	3523.20	127.800	516.850	117.780	128.0	0.00000	0.000000	19.56000	2.364000	0.0726667	0.007000
Kekaha Kai - Kaelehuluhulu	7.730	7717.10	1109.600	4329.00	159.000	665.200	155.480	132.0	0.02100	0.000000	18.13500	3.043000	0.0735000	0.003000
Kekaha Kai - Kua Bay	8.040	3813.10	756.900	2330.80	89.400	490.020	70.240	398.0	0.00750	0.003000	22.30000	0.884500	0.0713333	0.008000
Huehue Ranch 4	6.630	161.40	103.900	112.90	12.430	121.050	41.840	454.0	0.00430	0.000400	35.58500	0.101050	0.0747667	0.050200
QLT A4N	7.440	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
West Hawaii Landfill	8.020	991.10	176.300	595.70	27.200	98.510	30.100	74.0	0.00610	0.003900	20.80000	0.363800	0.1331333	0.015100
Kohanaiki A48	7.740	3651.80	514.500	2063.60	77.270	293.920	69.960	62.0	0.00000	0.000000	12.74500	1.215500	0.0610000	0.005500
Kahaluu DW	8.800	871.50	121.600	487.50	16.900	71.280	47.630	NA	0.01210	0.000500	8.12000	0.543250	0.0050000	0.004250
Mouth ocean	7.915	9110.90	1324.750	5222.25	180.705	755.325	146.615	95.5	0.00000	0.002000	11.88125	3.273375	0.0565833	0.019375
Inside mouth channel	7.670	2049.05	314.000	1240.40	46.670	188.575	47.935	80.5	0.00540	0.003050	19.89200	0.820300	0.1422333	0.003150
Kitchen corner inlet	7.430	1537.65	246.950	911.20	35.510	142.025	39.280	80.0	0.00560	0.003100	20.93550	0.606600	0.1431333	0.007450
Big Bridge	7.515	1705.00	266.050	1018.65	39.185	156.980	42.425	77.0	0.00700	0.003900	20.68150	0.667400	0.1474667	0.004950
Back spring	7.680	1287.55	204.250	778.50	31.570	120.875	35.060	72.5	0.00575	0.003300	20.23750	0.495425	0.1470333	0.002000
Makani Golf Course	8.010	65.60	60.860	65.85	4.245	14.495	20.630	77.0	0.00120	0.003300	19.06750	0.056900	0.1359667	0.022125
NELHA RODI	NA	0.09	0.000	0.05	0.010	0.100	0.200	NA	0.00200	0.000000	0.00000	0.000000	0.0000000	0.001900

EV %>%
  kable() %>%
  kable_styling()

	Temp	Conduct	Salinity	DO_sat	DO_diss
Kalaoa Deepwell	23.300	304.00	0.1210	84.70	7.300
Holualoa Deepwell	20.550	927.50	0.4300	100.65	8.940
Queen Liliuokalani Trust (Keahuolu) Deepwell	20.900	159.80	0.0750	99.50	8.610
Honokohau Deepwell	21.900	233.90	0.1200	93.55	8.200
Puu Lani	23.550	420.90	0.1950	94.20	7.970
Puu Waawaa	23.650	280.45	0.1250	90.85	7.705
NELHA Well #3B	23.700	46441.00	8.4300	NA	7.390
NELHA Well #3A	23.540	13983.00	8.2200	NA	7.200
NELHA Well #3	20.900	41362.00	26.1400	NA	3.660
NELHA Well #9B	19.210	23788.00	15.0600	116.10	6.860
NELHA Well #9A	17.560	32393.00	20.3600	127.40	6.650
NELHA Well #9	16.470	36316.00	22.9500	129.30	7.080
NELHA A3	21.600	23994.00	14.6900	111.10	8.985
NELHA A2	23.040	19629.50	11.7750	113.20	9.005
NELHA Well #12B	23.090	16724.00	9.9900	92.20	6.950
NELHA Well #12A	22.130	34761.00	22.1400	36.60	2.980
NELHA Well #12	21.795	41867.00	27.5100	24.35	1.810
NELHA A1	24.050	24473.00	14.9900	106.30	8.195
Kohanaiki #1	19.900	16252.00	9.6800	79.50	6.700
Kohanaiki #5	19.800	14591.00	8.6100	91.60	7.550
Kohanaiki #4	20.700	14385.00	8.2500	104.40	8.960
Kohanaiki #2	21.050	15408.00	9.1350	99.70	8.430
Kohanaiki #7	21.000	15522.00	8.4500	100.55	9.085
Kohanaiki #3	20.700	14961.00	8.8500	98.20	8.430
Kohanaiki #6	19.500	14772.50	8.3150	114.25	9.505
Kohanaiki A2	24.100	21682.00	11.5400	126.00	9.640
Kohanaiki A30	25.200	20880.00	12.7200	101.40	7.670
Kohanaiki A43	23.850	21527.00	13.1500	101.35	7.915
Kohanaiki A5	24.600	20664.00	12.5800	116.00	8.990
Kohanaiki A69	25.100	23339.00	14.2300	92.50	7.260
Kohanaiki A76	27.100	23313.00	14.3400	155.30	11.130
Kohanaiki A172	28.200	22907.00	13.6200	119.20	8.650
Kohanaiki A121	26.750	22360.00	11.2550	123.10	8.850
Kohanaiki A139	27.350	27118.00	16.9050	162.70	11.550
QLT A30	25.400	19166.00	11.5900	86.60	6.610
QLT A5	26.900	30472.50	19.0200	68.85	4.320
QLT A8	25.100	24359.00	14.9200	81.50	6.080
QLT A36	27.150	24843.50	15.3700	42.00	3.075
QLT A4S	25.600	26155.00	16.0500	57.25	4.270
QLT A1	25.650	22926.00	13.9550	64.10	5.025
QLT A32	24.400	23102.00	14.2000	24.15	1.865
QLT Maka Eo	21.450	22039.50	13.3950	109.95	8.965
Parker Ranch Deepwell	23.000	153.40	0.0600	91.00	7.840
Parker #2 Deepwell	26.700	703.00	0.3400	90.40	7.190
Lalamilo B Deepwell	26.200	496.00	0.2300	79.30	6.230
Lalamilo A Deepwell	26.100	460.00	0.2000	82.30	6.430
Parker #4 Deepwell	27.100	738.00	0.3500	84.80	6.740
Lalamilo C Deepwell	26.150	567.85	0.2600	97.00	7.870
Kahaluu B Deepwell	20.300	980.00	0.4560	113.90	10.210
Kahaluu D Deepwell	20.200	940.00	0.4360	98.50	8.540
Kahaluu C Deepwell	20.300	334.50	0.1470	100.10	8.480
Kahaluu A Deepwell	20.600	613.95	0.2740	92.60	8.075
Palani Ranch Deepwell	22.000	228.10	0.0925	89.95	7.760
Ocean End Member 28m	26.250	60926.50	40.9000	111.65	7.170
Ocean End Member 674m	6.150	61602.50	40.5950	27.45	2.575
Ocean End Member 900m	5.070	60858.00	35.1900	58.70	4.000
Keei B Deepwell	19.150	1138.50	0.5350	94.60	8.610
Keei D Deepwell	18.700	132.70	0.0540	115.20	10.400
Halekii Deepwell	21.400	138.50	0.0540	104.50	9.030
Kahaluu Shaft	20.300	1499.00	0.7200	91.30	8.130
Keei A Deepwell	19.600	1638.00	0.8300	100.40	10.030
Kukio R-O Feed	23.000	1397.50	0.6700	114.50	9.465
Huehue Ranch 5	23.700	1803.00	0.8860	67.30	5.620
Huehue Ranch 2	21.900	1335.00	0.6400	60.60	5.370
Huehue Ranch 3	20.300	1536.00	0.7440	37.00	3.890
Fifty-One FT STP	24.150	3420.50	1.7780	76.55	6.240
Waikoloa Irr 3	24.100	2184.00	1.0910	96.50	7.690
DW-7	26.500	287.70	0.1200	80.50	6.280
Waikoloa DW-6	28.500	726.00	0.3300	77.20	5.790
Waikoloa 2	28.600	660.00	0.3000	78.50	5.820
Waikoloa 3	28.200	512.00	0.2330	72.40	5.580
Parker 4	26.700	350.10	0.1500	87.60	6.820
Parker 5	26.500	303.80	0.1280	75.30	5.870
NELHA Well #1	20.800	18815.00	11.3300	91.65	6.150
Keopu 2	21.800	440.00	0.2050	85.00	7.520
Keopu 1	21.300	1980.00	0.9800	17.60	1.530
Kahaluu DW1 (96m)	21.700	3110.00	1.6000	16.70	1.450
Kahaluu DW1 (115m)	22.300	38350.00	24.6400	21.60	1.550
Parker #3 Deepwell	26.650	433.20	0.2000	96.80	7.660
Waikoloa 1	26.500	312.25	0.1400	96.20	7.610
Resort Irr 2	24.700	2522.00	1.2800	90.50	7.380
Resort 1	23.900	2920.50	1.5050	96.65	8.005
Nursery	23.500	3794.50	1.9950	99.05	8.280
Keopu Deepwell	21.300	155.45	0.0600	98.00	8.585
Kohanaiki A46	22.850	16091.00	9.5850	66.80	5.290
Kohanaiki A77	22.900	22503.00	13.8000	113.10	8.650
Kohanaiki A120	24.200	24153.00	14.9000	158.90	12.160
Kau (Makalei) Deepwell	24.300	1389.00	0.6800	100.10	8.195
Kekaha Kai - Small Pool	29.300	21222.00	12.5200	106.40	7.620
Kekaha Kai - Kaelehuluhulu	25.700	25651.00	15.6300	98.30	7.130
Kekaha Kai - Kua Bay	24.700	14615.00	8.4900	121.80	9.820
Huehue Ranch 4	23.700	1422.00	0.6800	58.70	4.960
QLT A4N	30.200	24100.00	14.9500	114.95	8.550
West Hawaii Landfill	22.400	4161.00	2.2100	105.70	9.020
Kohanaiki A48	24.500	18130.00	7.7400	64.00	4.980
Kahaluu DW	23.900	4560.00	2.4300	NA	NA
Mouth ocean	24.200	29469.50	18.2750	119.65	9.065
Inside mouth channel	22.400	8341.50	4.6550	102.90	8.655
Kitchen corner inlet	21.600	7512.50	4.1800	93.35	7.915
Big Bridge	21.850	6840.00	3.7700	92.70	7.935
Back spring	20.800	5211.00	2.8150	104.05	9.155
Makani Golf Course	22.850	556.00	0.2700	110.80	9.525
NELHA RODI	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA

We can see that there are missing values, “NAs”. This is because the instruments have a minimum value that they can accurately read. If it’s below that value, the instrument cannot accurately discern it. For our interests, we’re going to replace all “NA’s” with “0”.

“NA’s” replaced with “0”:

RV[is.na(RV)]<-0
RV %>%
  kable() %>%
  kable_styling()

	pH	Chloride	Sulfate	Sodium	Potassium	Magnesium	Calcium	Alkalinity	Barium	Chromium	Silicon	Strontium	Vanadium	Zinc
Kalaoa Deepwell	7.780	9.80	28.530	31.45	5.270	11.400	12.375	93.0	0.00000	0.002600	23.43750	0.025875	0.0875833	0.003225
Holualoa Deepwell	7.850	224.00	36.445	130.00	7.650	24.045	26.000	54.0	0.01055	0.001700	19.29000	0.132625	0.0387000	0.008550
Queen Liliuokalani Trust (Keahuolu) Deepwell	7.930	6.50	10.050	16.70	3.300	6.000	10.130	56.0	0.00360	0.002150	20.22000	0.024300	0.0560000	0.002050
Honokohau Deepwell	7.825	7.80	20.020	25.70	4.165	7.755	10.100	76.0	0.00205	0.000900	23.03250	0.012300	0.0379000	0.003375
Puu Lani	8.145	41.00	48.800	53.60	3.860	10.530	17.390	79.0	0.00090	0.003100	18.93000	0.045850	0.1348667	0.002000
Puu Waawaa	8.150	21.00	25.400	34.50	2.920	7.800	11.410	68.5	0.00000	0.002400	19.85500	0.030000	0.1125333	0.038950
NELHA Well #3B	7.930	4336.00	620.800	2391.00	85.000	357.580	87.100	85.0	0.00000	0.000000	17.39250	1.705375	0.0724667	0.001375
NELHA Well #3A	7.960	4517.00	640.400	2629.20	91.000	366.300	83.700	85.0	0.00000	0.000000	17.50000	1.600000	0.0628000	0.000000
NELHA Well #3	7.770	14907.00	2139.700	8291.50	285.870	1179.200	226.310	98.5	0.00000	0.000000	9.40625	5.296250	0.0000000	0.000000
NELHA Well #9B	7.760	8441.30	1218.300	4893.20	161.150	717.880	157.820	92.0	0.00000	0.000000	13.45000	3.089000	0.0534000	0.000000
NELHA Well #9A	7.710	11537.00	1640.400	6379.00	223.000	939.400	180.270	100.0	0.00000	0.000000	11.00300	4.202500	0.0000000	0.000000
NELHA Well #9	7.760	13152.00	1871.000	7328.90	253.370	1071.800	215.470	102.0	0.00000	0.000000	9.40250	4.697500	0.0000000	0.000000
NELHA A3	7.785	7459.00	1064.600	4464.10	146.000	632.800	120.200	87.0	0.00630	0.000000	14.92000	2.756500	0.0474000	0.008000
NELHA A2	7.775	6021.00	843.600	3715.90	120.000	498.000	104.000	85.0	0.00500	0.000000	16.36000	2.173000	0.0653333	0.005500
NELHA Well #12B	8.010	5555.00	761.800	3207.70	114.000	430.500	92.500	97.0	0.00280	0.002000	19.68625	1.892875	0.0811000	0.000750
NELHA Well #12A	7.840	12521.00	1779.000	7060.80	247.200	1026.700	198.000	98.0	0.00000	0.000000	13.06000	4.218750	0.0000000	0.000000
NELHA Well #12	7.800	15316.00	2188.000	8671.00	305.200	1193.330	230.090	103.0	0.00000	0.000000	8.66875	5.451250	0.0000000	0.000000
NELHA A1	7.990	7909.00	1132.200	5183.00	159.000	609.640	141.230	108.0	0.01500	0.000000	14.89500	2.549500	0.0705000	0.003000
Kohanaiki #1	7.930	5491.00	766.900	3546.00	110.000	352.800	75.400	0.0	0.00570	0.000000	17.28000	1.730000	0.0526000	0.000000
Kohanaiki #5	7.920	4157.40	589.100	2471.70	88.100	354.300	76.800	83.5	0.00000	0.000000	17.34000	1.597500	0.0562000	0.000000
Kohanaiki #4	7.870	4426.00	638.000	2440.00	87.000	355.850	81.240	80.5	0.00000	0.000000	17.50500	1.690000	0.0558000	0.000000
Kohanaiki #2	7.835	5355.00	755.450	3210.50	105.500	399.250	103.000	77.0	0.00250	0.000000	8.45500	0.900000	0.0280000	0.000000
Kohanaiki #7	7.815	4717.25	673.050	2715.60	94.800	392.345	87.485	76.0	0.00000	0.000000	17.13375	1.716000	0.0719833	0.001500
Kohanaiki #3	7.950	5299.00	739.700	3422.00	106.000	341.700	73.500	0.0	0.00510	0.000000	17.67000	1.700000	0.0590000	0.000000
Kohanaiki #6	7.745	5213.50	739.675	2974.05	103.000	423.770	94.635	84.0	0.00000	0.000000	16.81750	1.806000	0.0633000	0.000000
Kohanaiki A2	7.460	6724.00	929.600	4126.00	133.000	466.290	123.630	84.0	0.00650	0.000000	14.39500	2.501000	0.0407000	0.003500
Kohanaiki A30	7.720	6490.00	900.400	3855.00	131.000	412.000	107.500	88.5	0.00000	0.000000	14.28000	1.958000	0.0411000	0.000000
Kohanaiki A43	8.055	7260.00	1032.500	4329.50	141.500	560.650	143.350	88.0	0.03405	0.000000	14.45500	2.523500	0.0233500	0.009750
Kohanaiki A5	8.050	7149.00	993.300	4572.00	141.000	459.200	101.400	0.0	0.00670	0.000000	14.56000	2.020000	0.0397000	0.000000
Kohanaiki A69	7.590	7900.00	1130.000	4358.00	152.000	548.000	119.300	84.0	0.02100	0.000000	13.05000	2.459500	0.0286000	0.004500
Kohanaiki A76	8.260	0.00	0.000	0.00	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.0	0.00000	0.000000	0.00000	0.000000	0.0000000	0.000000
Kohanaiki A172	8.230	7533.00	1099.000	4139.00	144.000	594.060	134.500	87.5	0.01050	0.000000	10.76000	3.011500	0.0000000	0.000000
Kohanaiki A121	7.980	8395.00	1189.900	5447.00	165.000	538.300	116.800	76.0	0.00790	0.000000	12.28000	2.280000	0.0250000	0.000000
Kohanaiki A139	8.210	9398.00	1340.000	5626.00	182.500	752.550	186.500	94.0	0.05090	0.000000	12.02500	3.205000	0.0169500	0.012000
QLT A30	7.700	7138.00	975.800	4603.00	142.000	491.300	99.400	0.0	0.00600	0.000000	13.43000	2.340000	0.0262000	0.000000
QLT A5	7.765	10010.45	1404.100	5739.80	200.150	792.550	156.350	84.0	0.00395	0.000000	10.71950	3.431250	0.0381833	0.011000
QLT A8	7.225	7981.80	1095.350	4562.00	159.350	624.220	131.570	74.0	0.01075	0.000000	12.18350	2.766750	0.0386000	0.002250
QLT A36	7.090	7546.25	1032.900	4362.45	153.800	628.100	129.300	80.0	0.01075	0.000000	12.93000	2.633125	0.0449500	0.002250
QLT A4S	7.055	8029.60	1121.200	4626.35	162.350	654.740	132.360	77.0	0.00315	0.000000	12.19650	2.826750	0.0370000	0.001750
QLT A1	7.000	7437.65	1027.300	4242.85	149.900	584.435	124.200	79.0	0.00310	0.000000	12.91750	2.575000	0.0215000	0.005000
QLT A32	6.885	8892.65	1226.700	5368.25	174.550	667.200	147.100	78.0	0.00340	0.000000	12.07850	2.805500	0.0000000	0.000000
QLT Maka Eo	7.640	7636.80	1044.700	4385.95	151.150	597.820	122.460	76.0	0.00295	0.000000	12.95300	2.528500	0.0464500	0.006750
Parker Ranch Deepwell	7.850	8.00	3.100	12.00	2.700	7.500	10.900	64.0	0.00000	0.000000	22.57000	0.099500	0.0070000	0.020650
Parker #2 Deepwell	7.890	112.00	27.700	76.40	6.310	22.950	16.700	84.0	0.00610	0.004100	24.93500	0.086900	0.0541667	0.003750
Lalamilo B Deepwell	7.830	76.90	22.800	54.50	5.450	19.230	14.860	82.0	0.00430	0.003700	25.17000	0.069550	0.0505667	0.002350
Lalamilo A Deepwell	7.900	73.00	21.300	54.00	5.230	18.400	14.460	82.0	0.00450	0.003450	26.89000	0.070000	0.0460667	0.011650
Parker #4 Deepwell	7.910	124.40	31.600	83.20	6.700	23.000	16.000	84.0	0.00600	0.004050	25.34500	0.085150	0.0537333	0.002250
Lalamilo C Deepwell	7.855	95.60	24.700	64.90	6.220	19.815	15.080	80.0	0.00585	0.003600	26.07000	0.077550	0.0496167	0.002250
Kahaluu B Deepwell	7.950	251.80	42.940	148.15	5.960	23.895	26.245	42.5	0.01015	0.001850	20.22500	0.159725	0.0444167	0.004125
Kahaluu D Deepwell	7.520	242.00	41.800	144.00	6.000	23.800	25.100	42.0	0.01030	0.001700	20.21000	0.153000	0.0468667	0.000000
Kahaluu C Deepwell	7.850	56.40	16.600	38.00	3.050	8.300	13.300	42.0	0.00000	0.002000	20.34000	0.044150	0.0485333	0.006500
Kahaluu A Deepwell	7.920	138.00	27.400	82.00	4.500	14.550	21.450	42.5	0.00000	0.001000	22.27500	0.098750	0.0443000	0.017550
Palani Ranch Deepwell	7.975	8.50	22.150	26.50	4.000	8.600	11.450	76.0	0.00305	0.001075	23.61000	0.025375	0.0735833	0.006025
Ocean End Member 28m	7.980	19484.00	2749.600	11117.90	386.800	1597.970	314.960	117.0	0.00000	0.000000	0.00000	6.830000	0.0000000	0.018750
Ocean End Member 674m	7.520	19747.00	2769.600	11035.00	387.000	1582.190	319.140	120.0	0.00000	0.000000	2.18400	6.942000	0.0000000	0.007500
Ocean End Member 900m	7.420	20055.00	2865.300	11385.00	391.100	1552.900	300.700	123.0	0.00000	0.000000	3.22000	7.356000	0.0000000	0.000000
Keei B Deepwell	7.425	245.00	39.300	147.00	6.000	23.800	16.500	37.5	0.00000	0.000000	24.51000	0.125000	0.0430000	0.160600
Keei D Deepwell	7.790	4.00	10.500	13.00	1.790	3.800	8.190	38.0	0.00000	0.001400	19.47500	0.016600	0.0520000	0.003650
Halekii Deepwell	7.820	4.60	15.000	17.00	2.100	3.700	8.610	42.0	0.00000	0.001500	21.08000	0.017850	0.0544667	0.007800
Kahaluu Shaft	7.820	389.00	61.400	206.80	8.000	36.200	40.100	42.0	0.00990	0.001900	20.18000	0.218000	0.0387500	0.001150
Keei A Deepwell	7.680	401.00	66.000	233.00	9.000	41.700	24.100	37.0	0.00000	0.001200	21.41000	0.204850	0.0450000	0.093400
Kukio R-O Feed	7.160	188.65	111.100	111.05	11.155	114.690	44.675	382.0	0.00775	0.000950	32.10750	0.099475	0.0869500	0.012775
Huehue Ranch 5	7.110	84.50	314.400	165.40	9.400	138.400	48.300	486.0	0.00000	0.000000	27.63500	0.061900	0.0747000	0.077750
Huehue Ranch 2	6.940	200.00	69.000	114.00	11.000	100.000	45.980	358.0	0.01050	0.001000	33.11000	0.111000	0.0950000	0.008200
Huehue Ranch 3	7.080	171.00	242.000	98.00	9.000	152.800	43.800	365.0	0.00180	0.000000	28.34000	0.070000	0.0750000	0.004750
Fifty-One FT STP	7.875	1092.00	190.600	640.50	27.500	90.250	38.300	68.5	0.00530	0.001500	24.54500	0.372450	0.1097000	0.005450
Waikoloa Irr 3	8.030	568.40	116.860	340.60	15.900	59.140	21.600	66.0	0.00530	0.002900	23.87000	0.224900	0.1073333	0.001600
DW-7	7.990	26.40	16.400	33.00	4.000	14.550	10.400	84.0	0.00360	0.003850	25.88000	0.044100	0.0519333	0.002400
Waikoloa DW-6	7.970	128.20	41.000	97.40	8.050	27.200	15.380	111.0	0.00770	0.003700	26.30000	0.089550	0.0597667	0.002100
Waikoloa 2	7.930	116.00	38.000	87.00	7.000	27.100	16.560	103.0	0.00750	0.004050	27.66000	0.088700	0.0627000	0.001850
Waikoloa 3	7.870	68.00	30.600	63.50	6.020	19.060	12.700	103.0	0.00350	0.003350	26.54500	0.064950	0.0635333	0.002700
Parker 4	7.970	30.00	17.470	34.80	4.200	14.500	10.890	84.0	0.00230	0.004000	25.67000	0.046200	0.0527667	0.001600
Parker 5	8.190	28.00	16.600	34.00	4.000	12.900	9.900	82.0	0.00000	0.000000	31.99000	0.048000	0.0550000	0.000000
NELHA Well #1	7.760	6236.00	909.600	3567.50	124.000	546.700	122.000	86.0	0.00000	0.000000	16.05000	2.495750	0.0490000	0.007250
Keopu 2	8.375	6.00	8.650	13.85	2.875	6.070	11.935	50.0	0.00215	0.001400	18.26250	0.026775	0.0461167	0.050625
Keopu 1	10.770	609.00	85.000	332.00	18.000	1.200	124.400	39.0	0.01130	0.000000	1.26000	0.327950	0.0000000	0.002500
Kahaluu DW1 (96m)	8.490	4910.00	640.000	2599.00	89.000	312.500	133.500	46.0	0.00000	0.000000	0.00000	0.000000	0.0000000	0.000000
Kahaluu DW1 (115m)	8.270	12635.00	1760.000	6901.00	221.000	1063.100	310.500	82.0	0.00000	0.000000	0.00000	0.000000	0.0000000	0.000000
Parker #3 Deepwell	7.815	49.35	19.320	42.30	4.920	16.305	13.030	83.0	0.00480	0.004150	25.57750	0.054750	0.0534500	0.001575
Waikoloa 1	8.015	27.85	16.400	32.05	4.005	14.400	11.115	84.5	0.00530	0.004250	25.98750	0.043775	0.0542500	0.008475
Resort Irr 2	7.940	679.00	132.000	398.00	18.000	64.600	28.600	64.0	0.01530	0.004800	34.20000	0.406350	0.1657000	0.009750
Resort 1	8.040	730.95	136.650	441.50	19.460	73.160	23.850	66.0	0.00385	0.003450	22.46500	0.288700	0.1124000	0.004275
Nursery	7.905	1001.15	175.350	601.35	25.350	97.060	28.600	68.0	0.00575	0.003200	22.41000	0.374650	0.1036167	0.003400
Keopu Deepwell	7.920	6.10	9.970	16.10	3.530	6.200	10.300	57.0	0.00120	0.002375	19.71250	0.023550	0.0561167	0.007750
Kohanaiki A46	7.110	4882.50	696.400	2733.15	98.460	442.910	123.825	71.5	0.03450	0.000000	12.79500	1.960500	0.0296667	0.015625
Kohanaiki A77	7.850	7646.00	1079.000	4212.00	146.000	684.800	195.200	91.0	0.00000	0.000000	14.68000	3.089250	0.0000000	0.023250
Kohanaiki A120	8.200	8399.00	1217.000	4612.00	156.000	731.800	206.400	90.0	0.00000	0.000000	0.00000	0.000000	0.0000000	0.000000
Kau (Makalei) Deepwell	7.305	238.80	64.650	129.70	13.415	76.030	42.395	245.0	0.01355	0.001575	30.62750	0.099550	0.1015167	0.077550
Kekaha Kai - Small Pool	7.500	6033.10	880.200	3523.20	127.800	516.850	117.780	128.0	0.00000	0.000000	19.56000	2.364000	0.0726667	0.007000
Kekaha Kai - Kaelehuluhulu	7.730	7717.10	1109.600	4329.00	159.000	665.200	155.480	132.0	0.02100	0.000000	18.13500	3.043000	0.0735000	0.003000
Kekaha Kai - Kua Bay	8.040	3813.10	756.900	2330.80	89.400	490.020	70.240	398.0	0.00750	0.003000	22.30000	0.884500	0.0713333	0.008000
Huehue Ranch 4	6.630	161.40	103.900	112.90	12.430	121.050	41.840	454.0	0.00430	0.000400	35.58500	0.101050	0.0747667	0.050200
QLT A4N	7.440	0.00	0.000	0.00	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.0	0.00000	0.000000	0.00000	0.000000	0.0000000	0.000000
West Hawaii Landfill	8.020	991.10	176.300	595.70	27.200	98.510	30.100	74.0	0.00610	0.003900	20.80000	0.363800	0.1331333	0.015100
Kohanaiki A48	7.740	3651.80	514.500	2063.60	77.270	293.920	69.960	62.0	0.00000	0.000000	12.74500	1.215500	0.0610000	0.005500
Kahaluu DW	8.800	871.50	121.600	487.50	16.900	71.280	47.630	0.0	0.01210	0.000500	8.12000	0.543250	0.0050000	0.004250
Mouth ocean	7.915	9110.90	1324.750	5222.25	180.705	755.325	146.615	95.5	0.00000	0.002000	11.88125	3.273375	0.0565833	0.019375
Inside mouth channel	7.670	2049.05	314.000	1240.40	46.670	188.575	47.935	80.5	0.00540	0.003050	19.89200	0.820300	0.1422333	0.003150
Kitchen corner inlet	7.430	1537.65	246.950	911.20	35.510	142.025	39.280	80.0	0.00560	0.003100	20.93550	0.606600	0.1431333	0.007450
Big Bridge	7.515	1705.00	266.050	1018.65	39.185	156.980	42.425	77.0	0.00700	0.003900	20.68150	0.667400	0.1474667	0.004950
Back spring	7.680	1287.55	204.250	778.50	31.570	120.875	35.060	72.5	0.00575	0.003300	20.23750	0.495425	0.1470333	0.002000
Makani Golf Course	8.010	65.60	60.860	65.85	4.245	14.495	20.630	77.0	0.00120	0.003300	19.06750	0.056900	0.1359667	0.022125
NELHA RODI	0.000	0.09	0.000	0.05	0.010	0.100	0.200	0.0	0.00200	0.000000	0.00000	0.000000	0.0000000	0.001900

EV[is.na(EV)]<-0
EV %>%
  kable() %>%
  kable_styling()

	Temp	Conduct	Salinity	DO_sat	DO_diss
Kalaoa Deepwell	23.300	304.00	0.1210	84.70	7.300
Holualoa Deepwell	20.550	927.50	0.4300	100.65	8.940
Queen Liliuokalani Trust (Keahuolu) Deepwell	20.900	159.80	0.0750	99.50	8.610
Honokohau Deepwell	21.900	233.90	0.1200	93.55	8.200
Puu Lani	23.550	420.90	0.1950	94.20	7.970
Puu Waawaa	23.650	280.45	0.1250	90.85	7.705
NELHA Well #3B	23.700	46441.00	8.4300	0.00	7.390
NELHA Well #3A	23.540	13983.00	8.2200	0.00	7.200
NELHA Well #3	20.900	41362.00	26.1400	0.00	3.660
NELHA Well #9B	19.210	23788.00	15.0600	116.10	6.860
NELHA Well #9A	17.560	32393.00	20.3600	127.40	6.650
NELHA Well #9	16.470	36316.00	22.9500	129.30	7.080
NELHA A3	21.600	23994.00	14.6900	111.10	8.985
NELHA A2	23.040	19629.50	11.7750	113.20	9.005
NELHA Well #12B	23.090	16724.00	9.9900	92.20	6.950
NELHA Well #12A	22.130	34761.00	22.1400	36.60	2.980
NELHA Well #12	21.795	41867.00	27.5100	24.35	1.810
NELHA A1	24.050	24473.00	14.9900	106.30	8.195
Kohanaiki #1	19.900	16252.00	9.6800	79.50	6.700
Kohanaiki #5	19.800	14591.00	8.6100	91.60	7.550
Kohanaiki #4	20.700	14385.00	8.2500	104.40	8.960
Kohanaiki #2	21.050	15408.00	9.1350	99.70	8.430
Kohanaiki #7	21.000	15522.00	8.4500	100.55	9.085
Kohanaiki #3	20.700	14961.00	8.8500	98.20	8.430
Kohanaiki #6	19.500	14772.50	8.3150	114.25	9.505
Kohanaiki A2	24.100	21682.00	11.5400	126.00	9.640
Kohanaiki A30	25.200	20880.00	12.7200	101.40	7.670
Kohanaiki A43	23.850	21527.00	13.1500	101.35	7.915
Kohanaiki A5	24.600	20664.00	12.5800	116.00	8.990
Kohanaiki A69	25.100	23339.00	14.2300	92.50	7.260
Kohanaiki A76	27.100	23313.00	14.3400	155.30	11.130
Kohanaiki A172	28.200	22907.00	13.6200	119.20	8.650
Kohanaiki A121	26.750	22360.00	11.2550	123.10	8.850
Kohanaiki A139	27.350	27118.00	16.9050	162.70	11.550
QLT A30	25.400	19166.00	11.5900	86.60	6.610
QLT A5	26.900	30472.50	19.0200	68.85	4.320
QLT A8	25.100	24359.00	14.9200	81.50	6.080
QLT A36	27.150	24843.50	15.3700	42.00	3.075
QLT A4S	25.600	26155.00	16.0500	57.25	4.270
QLT A1	25.650	22926.00	13.9550	64.10	5.025
QLT A32	24.400	23102.00	14.2000	24.15	1.865
QLT Maka Eo	21.450	22039.50	13.3950	109.95	8.965
Parker Ranch Deepwell	23.000	153.40	0.0600	91.00	7.840
Parker #2 Deepwell	26.700	703.00	0.3400	90.40	7.190
Lalamilo B Deepwell	26.200	496.00	0.2300	79.30	6.230
Lalamilo A Deepwell	26.100	460.00	0.2000	82.30	6.430
Parker #4 Deepwell	27.100	738.00	0.3500	84.80	6.740
Lalamilo C Deepwell	26.150	567.85	0.2600	97.00	7.870
Kahaluu B Deepwell	20.300	980.00	0.4560	113.90	10.210
Kahaluu D Deepwell	20.200	940.00	0.4360	98.50	8.540
Kahaluu C Deepwell	20.300	334.50	0.1470	100.10	8.480
Kahaluu A Deepwell	20.600	613.95	0.2740	92.60	8.075
Palani Ranch Deepwell	22.000	228.10	0.0925	89.95	7.760
Ocean End Member 28m	26.250	60926.50	40.9000	111.65	7.170
Ocean End Member 674m	6.150	61602.50	40.5950	27.45	2.575
Ocean End Member 900m	5.070	60858.00	35.1900	58.70	4.000
Keei B Deepwell	19.150	1138.50	0.5350	94.60	8.610
Keei D Deepwell	18.700	132.70	0.0540	115.20	10.400
Halekii Deepwell	21.400	138.50	0.0540	104.50	9.030
Kahaluu Shaft	20.300	1499.00	0.7200	91.30	8.130
Keei A Deepwell	19.600	1638.00	0.8300	100.40	10.030
Kukio R-O Feed	23.000	1397.50	0.6700	114.50	9.465
Huehue Ranch 5	23.700	1803.00	0.8860	67.30	5.620
Huehue Ranch 2	21.900	1335.00	0.6400	60.60	5.370
Huehue Ranch 3	20.300	1536.00	0.7440	37.00	3.890
Fifty-One FT STP	24.150	3420.50	1.7780	76.55	6.240
Waikoloa Irr 3	24.100	2184.00	1.0910	96.50	7.690
DW-7	26.500	287.70	0.1200	80.50	6.280
Waikoloa DW-6	28.500	726.00	0.3300	77.20	5.790
Waikoloa 2	28.600	660.00	0.3000	78.50	5.820
Waikoloa 3	28.200	512.00	0.2330	72.40	5.580
Parker 4	26.700	350.10	0.1500	87.60	6.820
Parker 5	26.500	303.80	0.1280	75.30	5.870
NELHA Well #1	20.800	18815.00	11.3300	91.65	6.150
Keopu 2	21.800	440.00	0.2050	85.00	7.520
Keopu 1	21.300	1980.00	0.9800	17.60	1.530
Kahaluu DW1 (96m)	21.700	3110.00	1.6000	16.70	1.450
Kahaluu DW1 (115m)	22.300	38350.00	24.6400	21.60	1.550
Parker #3 Deepwell	26.650	433.20	0.2000	96.80	7.660
Waikoloa 1	26.500	312.25	0.1400	96.20	7.610
Resort Irr 2	24.700	2522.00	1.2800	90.50	7.380
Resort 1	23.900	2920.50	1.5050	96.65	8.005
Nursery	23.500	3794.50	1.9950	99.05	8.280
Keopu Deepwell	21.300	155.45	0.0600	98.00	8.585
Kohanaiki A46	22.850	16091.00	9.5850	66.80	5.290
Kohanaiki A77	22.900	22503.00	13.8000	113.10	8.650
Kohanaiki A120	24.200	24153.00	14.9000	158.90	12.160
Kau (Makalei) Deepwell	24.300	1389.00	0.6800	100.10	8.195
Kekaha Kai - Small Pool	29.300	21222.00	12.5200	106.40	7.620
Kekaha Kai - Kaelehuluhulu	25.700	25651.00	15.6300	98.30	7.130
Kekaha Kai - Kua Bay	24.700	14615.00	8.4900	121.80	9.820
Huehue Ranch 4	23.700	1422.00	0.6800	58.70	4.960
QLT A4N	30.200	24100.00	14.9500	114.95	8.550
West Hawaii Landfill	22.400	4161.00	2.2100	105.70	9.020
Kohanaiki A48	24.500	18130.00	7.7400	64.00	4.980
Kahaluu DW	23.900	4560.00	2.4300	0.00	0.000
Mouth ocean	24.200	29469.50	18.2750	119.65	9.065
Inside mouth channel	22.400	8341.50	4.6550	102.90	8.655
Kitchen corner inlet	21.600	7512.50	4.1800	93.35	7.915
Big Bridge	21.850	6840.00	3.7700	92.70	7.935
Back spring	20.800	5211.00	2.8150	104.05	9.155
Makani Golf Course	22.850	556.00	0.2700	110.80	9.525
NELHA RODI	0.000	0.00	0.0000	0.00	0.000

Fantastic! Now that we are all done with that,we can move on to PCAs.

PCAs:

Before moving forward with any particular analysis, I’d like to run a PCA to see what variables in my dataset might be the most influencial.

library(ade4)
library(vegan)
library(gclus)
library(ape)

Groundwater Variables (RV):

Eigenvalues:

RV.pca <-rda(RV, scale = TRUE)

RV.pca

## Call: rda(X = RV, scale = TRUE)
## 
##               Inertia Rank
## Total              14     
## Unconstrained      14   14
## Inertia is correlations 
## 
## Eigenvalues for unconstrained axes:
##   PC1   PC2   PC3   PC4   PC5   PC6   PC7   PC8   PC9  PC10  PC11  PC12  PC13 
## 7.991 1.489 1.247 0.980 0.916 0.633 0.356 0.267 0.088 0.025 0.006 0.001 0.001 
##  PC14 
## 0.000

evalues.RV <-RV.pca$CA$eig

source("evplot.R")

evplot(evalues.RV)

Even though the first three PCAs are above the average eigenvalue line, I’m still going to stick with the first two. The third PCA barely passes the line and the first two account for over 80% of variation. I feel confident using only those two.

PCA plot:

source("cleanplot.pca.R")

cleanplot.pca(RV.pca, point = TRUE)

Physical Variables (EV):

Eigenvalues

EV.pca <-rda(EV, scale = TRUE)

EV.pca

## Call: rda(X = EV, scale = TRUE)
## 
##               Inertia Rank
## Total               5     
## Unconstrained       5    5
## Inertia is correlations 
## 
## Eigenvalues for unconstrained axes:
##    PC1    PC2    PC3    PC4    PC5 
## 2.3512 1.6372 0.8630 0.1314 0.0172

evalues.EV <-EV.pca$CA$eig

source("evplot.R")

evplot(evalues.EV)

Again, we’re going to stick with the first two PCs since they represent the majority of the proportioned variation.

PCA plot:

source("cleanplot.pca.R")

cleanplot.pca(EV.pca, point = TRUE)

Now that we’ve seen each dataset individually, let’s see how they might be influencing each other.

RDA:

Libraries:

library(ade4)
library(vegan)
library(MASS)
library(ellipse)
library(FactoMineR)

Functions:

source("evplot.R")

source("hcoplot.R")

Data normalized:

RV.norm <- decostand(RV, "normalize")

EV.norm <- decostand(EV, "normalize")

RDA:

gw.rda <- rda(RV.norm ~ ., EV.norm)

summary(gw.rda)

## 
## Call:
## rda(formula = RV.norm ~ Temp + Conduct + Salinity + DO_sat +      DO_diss, data = EV.norm) 
## 
## Partitioning of variance:
##               Inertia Proportion
## Total         0.25158      1.000
## Constrained   0.16653      0.662
## Unconstrained 0.08505      0.338
## 
## Eigenvalues, and their contribution to the variance 
## 
## Importance of components:
##                         RDA1     RDA2     RDA3      RDA4      RDA5     PC1
## Eigenvalue            0.1538 0.009339 0.002512 0.0005973 0.0002608 0.05398
## Proportion Explained  0.6114 0.037120 0.009985 0.0023744 0.0010367 0.21457
## Cumulative Proportion 0.6114 0.648558 0.658542 0.6609166 0.6619533 0.87652
##                           PC2      PC3      PC4       PC5       PC6       PC7
## Eigenvalue            0.02466 0.003156 0.001520 0.0009205 0.0004316 0.0003054
## Proportion Explained  0.09800 0.012544 0.006042 0.0036588 0.0017156 0.0012140
## Cumulative Proportion 0.97453 0.987070 0.993112 0.9967708 0.9984863 0.9997003
##                             PC8       PC9
## Eigenvalue            6.592e-05 9.476e-06
## Proportion Explained  2.620e-04 3.766e-05
## Cumulative Proportion 1.000e+00 1.000e+00
## 
## Accumulated constrained eigenvalues
## Importance of components:
##                         RDA1     RDA2     RDA3      RDA4      RDA5
## Eigenvalue            0.1538 0.009339 0.002512 0.0005973 0.0002608
## Proportion Explained  0.9237 0.056077 0.015083 0.0035869 0.0015662
## Cumulative Proportion 0.9237 0.979763 0.994847 0.9984338 1.0000000
## 
## Scaling 2 for species and site scores
## * Species are scaled proportional to eigenvalues
## * Sites are unscaled: weighted dispersion equal on all dimensions
## * General scaling constant of scores:  2.250703 
## 
## 
## Species scores
## 
##                  RDA1       RDA2       RDA3       RDA4       RDA5        PC1
## pH         -9.545e-02 -8.388e-03  8.199e-02 -3.826e-02 -2.085e-02 -4.277e-01
## Chloride    9.903e-01 -1.559e-01 -1.196e-01 -2.902e-02  8.476e-04  7.270e-01
## Sulfate    -1.275e-01 -7.940e-02 -2.237e-02  1.244e-02  6.064e-02 -8.259e-02
## Sodium      2.713e-01 -1.162e-01 -2.279e-02 -4.677e-02 -9.744e-03  3.686e-01
## Potassium  -4.377e-02  4.355e-03 -4.738e-03 -4.419e-03 -3.023e-03  4.288e-03
## Magnesium  -7.662e-02  1.149e-01 -1.021e-01  2.800e-03 -1.886e-02 -7.657e-02
## Calcium    -2.012e-01  3.147e-01 -8.135e-02 -3.779e-02  1.348e-02 -3.034e-02
## Alkalinity -1.327e+00 -1.741e-01 -9.577e-02  2.523e-03 -1.282e-02 -4.746e-01
## Barium     -7.472e-05  3.437e-03 -8.268e-04 -2.875e-04 -3.385e-04 -5.205e-05
## Chromium   -4.049e-05 -7.493e-06 -3.243e-06 -1.896e-05 -5.771e-06 -3.052e-06
## Silicon    -4.566e-01 -3.559e-02  4.796e-02 -7.693e-02  1.823e-02 -2.814e-02
## Strontium  -3.470e-04 -1.740e-04 -6.480e-05  8.044e-06  1.975e-06  3.212e-04
## Vanadium   -1.096e-03 -1.024e-04  1.555e-04 -2.497e-04  1.800e-04 -1.718e-04
## Zinc       -2.331e-04  3.266e-03 -7.369e-04 -1.526e-04 -2.094e-04 -1.141e-04
## 
## 
## Site scores (weighted sums of species scores)
## 
##                                                  RDA1     RDA2       RDA3
## Kalaoa Deepwell                              -0.49596  0.01787  0.2909612
## Holualoa Deepwell                             0.07308 -0.04812 -0.3543650
## Queen Liliuokalani Trust (Keahuolu) Deepwell -0.50842  0.12162  0.4700467
## Honokohau Deepwell                           -0.50150  0.01606  0.4202245
## Puu Lani                                     -0.31287 -0.11384 -0.1412891
## Puu Waawaa                                   -0.40665 -0.08874  0.0950718
## NELHA Well #3B                                0.18014 -0.03219 -0.0366614
## NELHA Well #3A                                0.17911 -0.03752 -0.0108402
## NELHA Well #3                                 0.18564 -0.03112 -0.0051920
## NELHA Well #9B                                0.18216 -0.02884 -0.0095710
## NELHA Well #9A                                0.18497 -0.03007 -0.0143566
## NELHA Well #9                                 0.18506 -0.02868 -0.0115276
## NELHA A3                                      0.18104 -0.03470  0.0064400
## NELHA A2                                      0.17915 -0.03715  0.0185070
## NELHA Well #12B                               0.18046 -0.03955 -0.0037308
## NELHA Well #12A                               0.18466 -0.03001 -0.0070053
## NELHA Well #12                                0.18517 -0.03304  0.0031521
## NELHA A1                                      0.17711 -0.04226  0.0528479
## Kohanaiki #1                                  0.18333 -0.04356  0.0948869
## Kohanaiki #5                                  0.17776 -0.03733 -0.0103375
## Kohanaiki #4                                  0.18081 -0.03505 -0.0290633
## Kohanaiki #2                                  0.18035 -0.03789  0.0152884
## Kohanaiki #7                                  0.18035 -0.03373 -0.0145949
## Kohanaiki #3                                  0.18330 -0.04325  0.0945717
## Kohanaiki #6                                  0.18084 -0.03460 -0.0150292
## Kohanaiki A2                                  0.18059 -0.04110  0.0376497
## Kohanaiki A30                                 0.18157 -0.04647  0.0343359
## Kohanaiki A43                                 0.18111 -0.03393  0.0115111
## Kohanaiki A5                                  0.18391 -0.04221  0.0887843
## Kohanaiki A69                                 0.18465 -0.03967  0.0026353
## Kohanaiki A76                                -0.15340  0.93236  4.1028165
## Kohanaiki A172                                0.18369 -0.03131 -0.0197298
## Kohanaiki A121                                0.17999 -0.05075  0.0805206
## Kohanaiki A139                                0.18171 -0.03067  0.0108783
## QLT A30                                       0.18358 -0.03973  0.0857133
## QLT A5                                        0.18418 -0.03294  0.0035050
## QLT A8                                        0.18408 -0.03205  0.0021814
## QLT A36                                       0.18298 -0.02982 -0.0042227
## QLT A4S                                       0.18342 -0.03144 -0.0009242
## QLT A1                                        0.18352 -0.03273 -0.0015000
## QLT A32                                       0.18255 -0.03660  0.0291391
## QLT Maka Eo                                   0.18371 -0.03340  0.0037375
## Parker Ranch Deepwell                        -0.52211  0.18520  0.4353683
## Parker #2 Deepwell                           -0.12432 -0.17906 -0.5679531
## Lalamilo B Deepwell                          -0.21481 -0.16918 -0.5347414
## Lalamilo A Deepwell                          -0.22768 -0.17091 -0.4838907
## Parker #4 Deepwell                           -0.09972 -0.19642 -0.5407916
## Lalamilo C Deepwell                          -0.15434 -0.18686 -0.5352394
## Kahaluu B Deepwell                            0.10279 -0.02991 -0.2416918
## Kahaluu D Deepwell                            0.10017 -0.03323 -0.2451015
## Kahaluu C Deepwell                           -0.14200 -0.10396 -0.3528745
## Kahaluu A Deepwell                            0.03222 -0.04472 -0.3451390
## Palani Ranch Deepwell                        -0.49621  0.03686  0.3804880
## Ocean End Member 28m                          0.18515 -0.02835 -0.0012014
## Ocean End Member 674m                         0.18589 -0.02802 -0.0058600
## Ocean End Member 900m                         0.18538 -0.03301  0.0054220
## Keei B Deepwell                               0.10892 -0.07255 -0.1550213
## Keei D Deepwell                              -0.50210  0.15863  0.7620789
## Halekii Deepwell                             -0.48825  0.10064  0.7438262
## Kahaluu Shaft                                 0.13291  0.02292 -0.2391399
## Keei A Deepwell                               0.13942 -0.03147 -0.1469671
## Kukio R-O Feed                               -0.35373 -0.05536 -0.7633189
## Huehue Ranch 5                               -0.42711  0.02657 -0.1598205
## Huehue Ranch 2                               -0.33091 -0.06510 -0.8038524
## Huehue Ranch 3                               -0.34799  0.02721 -0.6516040
## Fifty-One FT STP                              0.15655 -0.05718 -0.0796060
## Waikoloa Irr 3                                0.12992 -0.08895 -0.1577884
## DW-7                                         -0.42473 -0.07222 -0.0214408
## Waikoloa DW-6                                -0.15016 -0.24395 -0.5431101
## Waikoloa 2                                   -0.16083 -0.21311 -0.5570459
## Waikoloa 3                                   -0.28358 -0.22432 -0.3771679
## Parker 4                                     -0.40721 -0.09029 -0.0827769
## Parker 5                                     -0.41677 -0.09698  0.0900907
## NELHA Well #1                                 0.18109 -0.02805 -0.0235390
## Keopu 2                                      -0.50988  0.22909  0.4262503
## Keopu 1                                       0.15119  0.17048 -0.1709302
## Kahaluu DW1 (96m)                             0.18678 -0.01782 -0.0150704
## Kahaluu DW1 (115m)                            0.18582 -0.01192 -0.0320019
## Parker #3 Deepwell                           -0.31990 -0.13731 -0.3518119
## Waikoloa 1                                   -0.42194 -0.06613 -0.0528854
## Resort Irr 2                                  0.13851 -0.07070 -0.1243979
## Resort 1                                      0.14286 -0.07584 -0.1192101
## Nursery                                       0.15378 -0.06332 -0.0900417
## Keopu Deepwell                               -0.51349  0.13395  0.4593778
## Kohanaiki A46                                 0.18113 -0.01626 -0.0449886
## Kohanaiki A77                                 0.18287 -0.01295 -0.0458182
## Kohanaiki A120                                0.18356 -0.01532 -0.0419653
## Kau (Makalei) Deepwell                       -0.19953 -0.12116 -0.9048734
## Kekaha Kai - Small Pool                       0.17768 -0.03635 -0.0236191
## Kekaha Kai - Kaelehuluhulu                    0.18062 -0.02885 -0.0350383
## Kekaha Kai - Kua Bay                          0.13957 -0.08809 -0.1899068
## Huehue Ranch 4                               -0.40675 -0.03755 -0.5894002
## QLT A4N                                      -0.15340  0.93236  4.1028165
## West Hawaii Landfill                          0.15097 -0.06457 -0.1068023
## Kohanaiki A48                                 0.18076 -0.03348 -0.0189002
## Kahaluu DW                                    0.18417  0.03272 -0.0277542
## Mouth ocean                                   0.18286 -0.03307 -0.0068197
## Inside mouth channel                          0.16798 -0.04563 -0.0439085
## Kitchen corner inlet                          0.16270 -0.05326 -0.0716105
## Big Bridge                                    0.16559 -0.04832 -0.0578610
## Back spring                                   0.16018 -0.05394 -0.0705807
## Makani Golf Course                           -0.22013 -0.11976 -0.3162777
## NELHA RODI                                   -0.05137  2.15630 -0.6020266
##                                                   RDA4       RDA5      PC1
## Kalaoa Deepwell                               1.002752  4.391e-01 -0.11864
## Holualoa Deepwell                            -0.633873  9.275e-03  0.14721
## Queen Liliuokalani Trust (Keahuolu) Deepwell  0.110313 -4.888e-01 -0.02055
## Honokohau Deepwell                            0.631871  1.556e-01 -0.07411
## Puu Lani                                      0.172701  2.322e+00 -0.12387
## Puu Waawaa                                    0.091578  8.190e-01  0.01720
## NELHA Well #3B                                0.007678  8.332e-02  0.14410
## NELHA Well #3A                               -0.042230  1.751e-02  0.14364
## NELHA Well #3                                 0.030912  1.001e-01  0.07103
## NELHA Well #9B                               -0.020394  4.812e-02  0.03673
## NELHA Well #9A                                0.032961  8.232e-02  0.03644
## NELHA Well #9                                 0.024817  7.832e-02  0.03781
## NELHA A3                                     -0.048995 -6.317e-03  0.05412
## NELHA A2                                     -0.089614 -5.861e-02  0.05613
## NELHA Well #12B                              -0.034855 -1.038e-02  0.05954
## NELHA Well #12A                               0.012713  6.233e-02  0.05907
## NELHA Well #12                                0.012917  7.828e-02  0.05535
## NELHA A1                                     -0.140614 -7.561e-02  0.05290
## Kohanaiki #1                                 -0.136326 -3.339e-02  0.06940
## Kohanaiki #5                                 -0.062623 -2.042e-02  0.05922
## Kohanaiki #4                                  0.013022  9.891e-02  0.06473
## Kohanaiki #2                                 -0.063618  5.712e-03  0.06333
## Kohanaiki #7                                 -0.028571  3.651e-02  0.07346
## Kohanaiki #3                                 -0.137824 -3.412e-02  0.06963
## Kohanaiki #6                                 -0.017822  4.231e-02  0.06148
## Kohanaiki A2                                 -0.091666 -2.520e-02  0.06576
## Kohanaiki A30                                -0.058050  2.473e-02  0.05921
## Kohanaiki A43                                -0.059014  2.253e-02  0.05743
## Kohanaiki A5                                 -0.122537 -3.076e-02  0.06084
## Kohanaiki A69                                 0.028420  1.267e-01  0.06185
## Kohanaiki A76                                 0.714287 -4.316e+00 -1.06888
## Kohanaiki A172                                0.033779  1.323e-01  0.05778
## Kohanaiki A121                               -0.126564 -3.933e-02  0.07057
## Kohanaiki A139                               -0.057183  1.673e-02  0.04465
## QLT A30                                      -0.129716 -7.596e-02  0.06723
## QLT A5                                       -0.007020  3.430e-02  0.05774
## QLT A8                                       -0.013211  1.151e-02  0.06142
## QLT A36                                      -0.025160 -2.010e-02  0.06681
## QLT A4S                                      -0.016339  1.612e-02  0.06386
## QLT A1                                       -0.011643  1.913e-02  0.06646
## QLT A32                                      -0.065041 -2.593e-02  0.07071
## QLT Maka Eo                                  -0.018221  2.575e-05  0.05816
## Parker Ranch Deepwell                         0.352683 -1.675e+00  0.34603
## Parker #2 Deepwell                           -0.638992 -3.256e-01  0.02417
## Lalamilo B Deepwell                          -0.547954 -3.701e-01  0.06893
## Lalamilo A Deepwell                          -0.636566 -4.420e-01  0.06077
## Parker #4 Deepwell                           -0.622826 -1.393e-01  0.07969
## Lalamilo C Deepwell                          -0.697487 -2.890e-01  0.03694
## Kahaluu B Deepwell                           -0.632425  2.346e-01  0.14618
## Kahaluu D Deepwell                           -0.647415  2.324e-01  0.15072
## Kahaluu C Deepwell                           -1.383284  4.666e-01  0.05646
## Kahaluu A Deepwell                           -1.035227  4.044e-01  0.20428
## Palani Ranch Deepwell                         0.555339  4.321e-01 -0.03941
## Ocean End Member 28m                          0.004995  4.313e-02  0.04434
## Ocean End Member 674m                         0.022941  6.167e-02  0.04851
## Ocean End Member 900m                         0.012757  7.783e-02  0.05707
## Keei B Deepwell                              -0.681903  1.256e-01  0.16268
## Keei D Deepwell                              -0.649146  6.650e-01 -0.12842
## Halekii Deepwell                             -0.555510  1.321e+00  0.08437
## Kahaluu Shaft                                -0.420772  3.049e-01  0.15040
## Keei A Deepwell                              -0.392911  1.940e-01  0.19551
## Kukio R-O Feed                                1.694992 -4.416e-01 -0.61398
## Huehue Ranch 5                                2.709371  2.595e+00 -0.71454
## Huehue Ranch 2                                1.344861 -1.277e+00 -0.42623
## Huehue Ranch 3                                2.363981  2.375e+00 -0.48505
## Fifty-One FT STP                             -0.151482  3.032e-01  0.11050
## Waikoloa Irr 3                               -0.223587  4.392e-01  0.08465
## DW-7                                          0.137390 -7.646e-01  0.07450
## Waikoloa DW-6                                -0.319709 -1.524e-01  0.03692
## Waikoloa 2                                   -0.424579 -7.539e-02  0.04389
## Waikoloa 3                                   -0.127574 -2.310e-01  0.04969
## Parker 4                                      0.058142 -6.573e-01 -0.10530
## Parker 5                                     -0.296676 -4.601e-01  0.11231
## NELHA Well #1                                -0.012601  6.574e-02  0.05037
## Keopu 2                                      -0.044204 -5.089e-01 -0.42022
## Keopu 1                                      -0.469302  5.476e-01  0.23063
## Kahaluu DW1 (96m)                             0.024542  8.037e-02  0.19873
## Kahaluu DW1 (115m)                            0.023842  7.958e-02  0.05854
## Parker #3 Deepwell                           -0.313461 -5.242e-01 -0.12694
## Waikoloa 1                                    0.131914 -7.285e-01 -0.12822
## Resort Irr 2                                 -0.282262  4.720e-01  0.10538
## Resort 1                                     -0.190441  2.851e-01  0.08870
## Nursery                                      -0.149064  2.118e-01  0.08260
## Keopu Deepwell                                0.237271 -5.558e-01  0.12882
## Kohanaiki A46                                -0.010432  5.625e-02  0.06640
## Kohanaiki A77                                 0.006877  6.669e-02  0.05259
## Kohanaiki A120                                0.027025  1.102e-01  0.04627
## Kau (Makalei) Deepwell                        0.497322 -7.317e-01 -0.30678
## Kekaha Kai - Small Pool                      -0.035475  3.706e-02  0.05688
## Kekaha Kai - Kaelehuluhulu                    0.003946  6.354e-02  0.05374
## Kekaha Kai - Kua Bay                          0.027567  1.955e-01  0.01240
## Huehue Ranch 4                                2.016998 -9.739e-01 -0.56735
## QLT A4N                                       0.714287 -4.316e+00 -1.05842
## West Hawaii Landfill                         -0.140361  2.141e-01  0.06880
## Kohanaiki A48                                -0.016344  4.276e-02  0.09357
## Kahaluu DW                                   -0.157012  1.403e-01  0.17034
## Mouth ocean                                  -0.000718  7.090e-02  0.05162
## Inside mouth channel                         -0.104693  3.273e-02  0.06417
## Kitchen corner inlet                         -0.100338  1.115e-01  0.06250
## Big Bridge                                   -0.105553  6.938e-02  0.07143
## Back spring                                  -0.138756  6.293e-02  0.07156
## Makani Golf Course                           -0.027332  2.790e+00 -0.18203
## NELHA RODI                                   -0.246668 -6.155e-02 -0.02962
## 
## 
## Site constraints (linear combinations of constraining variables)
## 
##                                                    RDA1       RDA2     RDA3
## Kalaoa Deepwell                              -0.4350056 -1.593e-02 -0.04721
## Holualoa Deepwell                            -0.0097814 -5.748e-02 -0.09294
## Queen Liliuokalani Trust (Keahuolu) Deepwell -0.5008407  7.080e-02  0.48321
## Honokohau Deepwell                           -0.4432005  5.560e-02  0.45941
## Puu Lani                                     -0.2235111 -7.661e-02 -0.01510
## Puu Waawaa                                   -0.4169018 -4.015e-02  0.06513
## NELHA Well #3B                                0.0248988 -1.168e-01 -1.04046
## NELHA Well #3A                                0.1026089  5.317e-02  0.13175
## NELHA Well #3                                 0.1560446  2.338e-02  0.18479
## NELHA Well #9B                                0.1736105 -1.969e-03  0.15951
## NELHA Well #9A                                0.1743582 -3.469e-03  0.14526
## NELHA Well #9                                 0.1745852 -2.813e-04  0.15744
## NELHA A3                                      0.1596909  1.745e-03  0.11879
## NELHA A2                                      0.1552773 -3.860e-03  0.08446
## NELHA Well #12B                               0.1526533 -5.168e-03  0.07442
## NELHA Well #12A                               0.1630021  1.565e-02  0.18530
## NELHA Well #12                                0.1695483  2.218e-02  0.23961
## NELHA A1                                      0.1590744  1.347e-03  0.11712
## Kohanaiki #1                                  0.1502242 -1.065e-03  0.07646
## Kohanaiki #5                                  0.1500697 -5.581e-03  0.06080
## Kohanaiki #4                                  0.1447021 -1.016e-02  0.01973
## Kohanaiki #2                                  0.1502791 -3.750e-03  0.07067
## Kohanaiki #7                                  0.1345810 -1.623e-02 -0.05662
## Kohanaiki #3                                  0.1493323 -3.492e-03  0.06841
## Kohanaiki #6                                  0.1453029 -1.678e-02 -0.01238
## Kohanaiki A2                                  0.1381993 -2.784e-02 -0.10396
## Kohanaiki A30                                 0.1567090 -4.375e-04  0.10719
## Kohanaiki A43                                 0.1574689  1.010e-03  0.11343
## Kohanaiki A5                                  0.1579349 -1.581e-03  0.10721
## Kohanaiki A69                                 0.1558805  2.283e-03  0.11060
## Kohanaiki A76                                 0.1646889 -5.553e-03  0.11820
## Kohanaiki A172                                0.1540184 -7.360e-03  0.06446
## Kohanaiki A121                                0.1297549 -3.836e-02 -0.18683
## Kohanaiki A139                                0.1676336 -2.132e-03  0.14077
## QLT A30                                       0.1529099 -1.908e-04  0.09582
## QLT A5                                        0.1609998  6.600e-03  0.14467
## QLT A8                                        0.1567234  3.166e-03  0.11627
## QLT A36                                       0.1538593  9.514e-03  0.13419
## QLT A4S                                       0.1550030  6.239e-03  0.12016
## QLT A1                                        0.1525458  4.729e-03  0.10804
## QLT A32                                       0.1513923  1.014e-02  0.12438
## QLT Maka Eo                                   0.1579774  2.411e-04  0.10728
## Parker Ranch Deepwell                        -0.7722497  1.281e-01  0.28677
## Parker #2 Deepwell                           -0.1125760 -9.814e-02 -0.16189
## Lalamilo B Deepwell                          -0.2395941 -9.913e-02 -0.21146
## Lalamilo A Deepwell                          -0.2538188 -1.298e-01 -0.29698
## Parker #4 Deepwell                           -0.1264542 -8.294e-02 -0.19059
## Lalamilo C Deepwell                          -0.1548900 -1.162e-01 -0.17572
## Kahaluu B Deepwell                            0.0157641 -6.369e-02 -0.06588
## Kahaluu D Deepwell                            0.0066141 -7.668e-02 -0.13294
## Kahaluu C Deepwell                           -0.1608244 -1.376e-01 -0.01521
## Kahaluu A Deepwell                           -0.0868542 -6.967e-02 -0.09640
## Palani Ranch Deepwell                        -0.4849772 -5.352e-03  0.10858
## Ocean End Member 28m                          0.1788239  2.146e-02  0.27461
## Ocean End Member 674m                         0.1748478  2.182e-02  0.24543
## Ocean End Member 900m                         0.1544258 -7.181e-03  0.02114
## Keei B Deepwell                               0.0135883 -3.866e-02 -0.09402
## Keei D Deepwell                              -0.4029584  2.670e-01  0.83801
## Halekii Deepwell                             -0.5625381  1.092e-01  0.39088
## Kahaluu Shaft                                 0.0365131 -4.177e-02 -0.12937
## Keei A Deepwell                               0.0260441  1.799e-02  0.04265
## Kukio R-O Feed                                0.0599502 -9.749e-02 -0.17580
## Huehue Ranch 5                                0.0218102 -3.130e-02 -0.16615
## Huehue Ranch 2                               -0.0239132 -1.154e-02 -0.15193
## Huehue Ranch 3                               -0.0362874  3.598e-02 -0.11326
## Fifty-One FT STP                              0.0860713 -3.119e-02 -0.11647
## Waikoloa Irr 3                                0.0747217 -6.587e-02 -0.16976
## DW-7                                         -0.4946005 -1.310e-01 -0.30489
## Waikoloa DW-6                                -0.1551350 -1.029e-01 -0.31208
## Waikoloa 2                                   -0.1735226 -1.199e-01 -0.32846
## Waikoloa 3                                   -0.2987253 -7.494e-02 -0.25938
## Parker 4                                     -0.3509910 -1.625e-01 -0.30333
## Parker 5                                     -0.5003900 -1.037e-01 -0.29688
## NELHA Well #1                                 0.1585861 -6.993e-03  0.08132
## Keopu 2                                      -0.2369804 -5.893e-03  0.07132
## Keopu 1                                       0.0006762  9.411e-03 -0.17419
## Kahaluu DW1 (96m)                             0.0508036  1.806e-03 -0.13231
## Kahaluu DW1 (115m)                            0.1646735  1.766e-02  0.19952
## Parker #3 Deepwell                           -0.2259727 -1.558e-01 -0.19258
## Waikoloa 1                                   -0.3519703 -1.719e-01 -0.19473
## Resort Irr 2                                  0.0724724 -4.676e-02 -0.14029
## Resort 1                                      0.0881574 -4.332e-02 -0.11651
## Nursery                                       0.1033263 -3.579e-02 -0.09233
## Keopu Deepwell                               -0.6110849  1.237e-01  0.39193
## Kohanaiki A46                                 0.1475659 -7.094e-04  0.07320
## Kohanaiki A77                                 0.1605111 -1.051e-04  0.11850
## Kohanaiki A120                                0.1652238 -2.675e-03  0.12782
## Kau (Makalei) Deepwell                        0.0339569 -7.769e-02 -0.15950
## Kekaha Kai - Small Pool                       0.1505355 -8.023e-03  0.05154
## Kekaha Kai - Kaelehuluhulu                    0.1578290  3.628e-05  0.10593
## Kekaha Kai - Kua Bay                          0.1478396 -1.205e-02  0.03490
## Huehue Ranch 4                               -0.0239481 -2.084e-02 -0.18662
## QLT A4N                                       0.1593884  3.090e-03  0.13697
## West Hawaii Landfill                          0.1117113 -3.295e-02 -0.07286
## Kohanaiki A48                                 0.0999366 -5.505e-02 -0.39076
## Kahaluu DW                                    0.0703261  6.951e-03 -0.09133
## Mouth ocean                                   0.1630652  3.195e-03  0.13698
## Inside mouth channel                          0.1336113 -1.866e-02 -0.01848
## Kitchen corner inlet                          0.1302815 -1.764e-02 -0.02126
## Big Bridge                                    0.1258820 -1.859e-02 -0.03238
## Back spring                                   0.1202985 -2.379e-02 -0.04747
## Makani Golf Course                           -0.0829242 -9.111e-02  0.04034
## NELHA RODI                                   -0.0259541  2.152e+00 -0.50531
##                                                    RDA4       RDA5      PC1
## Kalaoa Deepwell                               0.5593512  0.1089600 -0.11864
## Holualoa Deepwell                            -0.0006860  0.3037569  0.14721
## Queen Liliuokalani Trust (Keahuolu) Deepwell -0.3880254  0.0659740 -0.02055
## Honokohau Deepwell                            0.4328957  0.0178753 -0.07411
## Puu Lani                                     -0.0112827  0.0203349 -0.12387
## Puu Waawaa                                    0.1921705 -0.0783991  0.01720
## NELHA Well #3B                               -0.0722800  0.9671697  0.14410
## NELHA Well #3A                                0.4068540  0.0629325  0.14364
## NELHA Well #3                                 0.1095414 -0.1125560  0.07103
## NELHA Well #9B                               -0.0648648 -0.1520698  0.03673
## NELHA Well #9A                               -0.0705467 -0.1404587  0.03644
## NELHA Well #9                                -0.0557405 -0.1439413  0.03781
## NELHA A3                                     -0.0020489 -0.0828276  0.05412
## NELHA A2                                     -0.0157858 -0.0570744  0.05613
## NELHA Well #12B                              -0.0168758 -0.0585334  0.05954
## NELHA Well #12A                               0.0495252 -0.1422301  0.05907
## NELHA Well #12                                0.0579935 -0.1899449  0.05535
## NELHA A1                                     -0.0036596 -0.0881456  0.05290
## Kohanaiki #1                                  0.0121900 -0.0438558  0.06940
## Kohanaiki #5                                 -0.0083494 -0.0321051  0.05922
## Kohanaiki #4                                 -0.0107870  0.0125527  0.06473
## Kohanaiki #2                                 -0.0006983 -0.0357398  0.06333
## Kohanaiki #7                                 -0.0027332  0.0866765  0.07346
## Kohanaiki #3                                  0.0035394 -0.0309096  0.06963
## Kohanaiki #6                                 -0.0399571  0.0361716  0.06148
## Kohanaiki A2                                 -0.0641869  0.1001524  0.06576
## Kohanaiki A30                                -0.0070863 -0.0842454  0.05921
## Kohanaiki A43                                -0.0014980 -0.0846678  0.05743
## Kohanaiki A5                                 -0.0151670 -0.0808527  0.06084
## Kohanaiki A69                                 0.0093484 -0.0817277  0.06185
## Kohanaiki A76                                -0.0545492 -0.1026861 -1.06888
## Kohanaiki A172                               -0.0291270 -0.0531184  0.05778
## Kohanaiki A121                               -0.0846617  0.1622241  0.07057
## Kohanaiki A139                               -0.0472242 -0.1207753  0.04465
## QLT A30                                       0.0044704 -0.0745466  0.06723
## QLT A5                                        0.0124969 -0.1219688  0.05774
## QLT A8                                        0.0104374 -0.0908557  0.06142
## QLT A36                                       0.0456192 -0.1066295  0.06681
## QLT A4S                                       0.0296722 -0.0928922  0.06386
## QLT A1                                        0.0295266 -0.0807916  0.06646
## QLT A32                                       0.0567531 -0.0956521  0.07071
## QLT Maka Eo                                  -0.0038269 -0.0720651  0.05816
## Parker Ranch Deepwell                         0.5511597 -0.0724056  0.34603
## Parker #2 Deepwell                           -0.1249503 -0.1197868  0.02417
## Lalamilo B Deepwell                           0.0274406 -0.2556756  0.06893
## Lalamilo A Deepwell                          -0.1404805 -0.2368550  0.06077
## Parker #4 Deepwell                            0.0130367 -0.0963965  0.07969
## Lalamilo C Deepwell                          -0.2158743 -0.0646478  0.03694
## Kahaluu B Deepwell                           -0.0878894  0.3575649  0.14618
## Kahaluu D Deepwell                           -0.1327930  0.2567660  0.15072
## Kahaluu C Deepwell                           -0.6653303  0.1627741  0.05646
## Kahaluu A Deepwell                           -0.0008486  0.2718016  0.20428
## Palani Ranch Deepwell                         0.2596517  0.1066523 -0.03941
## Ocean End Member 28m                          0.0261079 -0.2263103  0.04434
## Ocean End Member 674m                         0.0457809 -0.1874972  0.04851
## Ocean End Member 900m                        -0.0139946  0.0007427  0.05707
## Keei B Deepwell                               0.0939369  0.3207887  0.16268
## Keei D Deepwell                              -0.5587929  0.9767712 -0.12842
## Halekii Deepwell                             -0.6704425  0.1981420  0.08437
## Kahaluu Shaft                                 0.0480329  0.2412373  0.15040
## Keei A Deepwell                               0.3847837  0.3327969  0.19551
## Kukio R-O Feed                               -0.3263568  0.1621643 -0.61398
## Huehue Ranch 5                                0.1326812  0.1114296 -0.71454
## Huehue Ranch 2                                0.3262981  0.1601222 -0.42623
## Huehue Ranch 3                                0.6222826  0.2087008 -0.48505
## Fifty-One FT STP                              0.0096362  0.0843379  0.11050
## Waikoloa Irr 3                               -0.1600641  0.0962953  0.08465
## DW-7                                         -0.0460737 -0.5557740  0.07450
## Waikoloa DW-6                                -0.0292165 -0.1842068  0.03692
## Waikoloa 2                                   -0.1163861 -0.2539770  0.04389
## Waikoloa 3                                    0.2989638 -0.3188765  0.04969
## Parker 4                                     -0.3612543 -0.4218920 -0.10530
## Parker 5                                      0.2163589 -0.5329397  0.11231
## NELHA Well #1                                -0.0413315 -0.0747474  0.05037
## Keopu 2                                       0.4931099  0.1809550 -0.42022
## Keopu 1                                       0.4019608  0.0889768  0.23063
## Kahaluu DW1 (96m)                             0.2609947  0.0807640  0.19873
## Kahaluu DW1 (115m)                            0.0531975 -0.1565019  0.05854
## Parker #3 Deepwell                           -0.4656287 -0.2829464 -0.12694
## Waikoloa 1                                   -0.6187674 -0.4566754 -0.12822
## Resort Irr 2                                 -0.0505793  0.0980107  0.10538
## Resort 1                                     -0.0617185  0.1041864  0.08870
## Nursery                                      -0.0501710  0.0968651  0.08260
## Keopu Deepwell                                0.1123714  0.2948910  0.12882
## Kohanaiki A46                                 0.0183001 -0.0520531  0.06640
## Kohanaiki A77                                -0.0149291 -0.0906276  0.05259
## Kohanaiki A120                               -0.0404589 -0.0984758  0.04627
## Kau (Makalei) Deepwell                       -0.1724778  0.0987057 -0.30678
## Kekaha Kai - Small Pool                      -0.0231629 -0.0448983  0.05688
## Kekaha Kai - Kaelehuluhulu                   -0.0063531 -0.0846104  0.05374
## Kekaha Kai - Kua Bay                         -0.0334462 -0.0143579  0.01240
## Huehue Ranch 4                                0.2754279  0.1142760 -0.56735
## QLT A4N                                      -0.0013511 -0.1123827 -1.05842
## West Hawaii Landfill                         -0.0518176  0.1018273  0.06880
## Kohanaiki A48                                -0.0628103  0.3464736  0.09357
## Kahaluu DW                                    0.2421620  0.0456173  0.17034
## Mouth ocean                                  -0.0064311 -0.1053966  0.05162
## Inside mouth channel                         -0.0277540  0.0407547  0.06417
## Kitchen corner inlet                         -0.0150942  0.0441677  0.06250
## Big Bridge                                   -0.0087688  0.0570810  0.07143
## Back spring                                  -0.0201296  0.0966667  0.07156
## Makani Golf Course                           -0.2687320  0.1553407 -0.18203
## NELHA RODI                                   -0.1717514 -0.2062474 -0.02962
## 
## 
## Biplot scores for constraining variables
## 
##             RDA1      RDA2    RDA3    RDA4     RDA5 PC1
## Temp     -0.9812 -0.057337 0.13628 -0.1237  0.00723   0
## Conduct   0.3127 -0.933885 0.02511  0.1697 -0.02618   0
## Salinity  0.7195 -0.417172 0.42266  0.1344 -0.33412   0
## DO_sat   -0.9204 -0.008775 0.28006 -0.2142  0.16880   0
## DO_diss  -0.9066  0.003378 0.30700 -0.2037  0.20558   0

Adjusted R² value:

R2adj <- RsquareAdj(gw.rda)$adj.r.squared

R2adj

## [1] 0.6445282

Plot of RDA results using scaling 3:
Note the red lines are the vectors of the response variables

gwd.sc <- scores(gw.rda, choices = 1:2, scaling = 3, display = "sp")

plot(gw.rda, type="n", scaling=2)
text(gw.rda, display="species", pch=20, cex=0.7, col="green", scaling=3)
points(gw.rda, display="sites", pch=21, cex=1.3, col="gold", scaling=3)
text(gw.rda, display="sites", pch=21, cex=0.5, col="light blue", scaling=3,)
text(gw.rda, scaling=3, display="bp", col="#0868ac", cex=.8)
arrows(0, 0, gwd.sc[,1], gwd.sc[,2], length = 0, lty = 1, col = "#e31a1c")

Takeaway from PCAs & RDA:

PCA (groundwater variables): Alkalinity, zinc, and silicon account for the majority of the variablity since they extend past the circle.
PCA (physical variables): Dissolved oxygen, dissolved oxygen saturation, salinity, and conductivity account for the majority of the variation since they’re outside the circle.
RDA: Almost 65% of the variability in the groundwater data can be explained by the physical variables. Sodium and chloride are positively correlated with salinity and conductivity, which makes sense. However, calcium and magnesium are negatively correlated to salinity and conductivity. Another interesting association is that alkalinity, silicon and sulfate appear to be associated with temperature and conductivity.

Adjusted hypotheses:
H_A01: Calcium is influenced by conductivity.
H_A02: Calcium is influenced by salinity.
H_A03: Calcium is influenced by dissolved oxygen.
H_A04: Calcium is influenced by oxygen saturation.

H_A05: Magnesium is influenced by conductivity.
H_A06: Magnesium is influenced by salinity.
H_A07: Magnesium is influenced by dissolved oxygen.
H_A08: Magnesium is influenced by oxygen saturation.

H_A09: Silicon is influenced by temperature.
H_A10: Silicon is influenced by salinity.
H_A11: Silicon is influenced by dissolved oxygen.
H_A12: Silicon is influenced by oxygen saturation.

Multiple regression:

RV1 <- read.csv("data/gwd_all_raw.csv", header = TRUE)

EV1 <- read.csv("data/gwd_pred.csv", header = TRUE)

RV1[is.na(RV1)]<-0

EV1[is.na(EV1)]<-0

Join:

library(tidyr)
library(tidyverse)

RV1 %>%
count(Site) %>%
filter(n >1) 

## # A tibble: 0 x 2
## # ... with 2 variables: Site <fct>, n <int>

“Site” is a primary key

EV1 %>%
count(Site) %>%
filter(n >1) 

## # A tibble: 0 x 2
## # ... with 2 variables: Site <fct>, n <int>

“Site” is a primary key

gw.dat <- EV1 %>% left_join(RV1)

write.csv(gw.dat, 'gw_dat.csv')

gw.dat %>%
  kable() %>%
  kable_styling()

Site	Temp	Conduct	Salinity	DO_sat	DO_diss	pH	Chloride	Sulfate	Sodium	Potassium	Magnesium	Calcium	Alkalinity	Barium	Chromium	Silicon	Strontium	Vanadium	Zinc
Kalaoa Deepwell	23.300	304.00	0.1210	84.70	7.300	7.780	9.80	28.530	31.45	5.270	11.400	12.375	93.0	0.00000	0.002600	23.43750	0.025875	0.0875833	0.003225
Holualoa Deepwell	20.550	927.50	0.4300	100.65	8.940	7.850	224.00	36.445	130.00	7.650	24.045	26.000	54.0	0.01055	0.001700	19.29000	0.132625	0.0387000	0.008550
Queen Liliuokalani Trust (Keahuolu) Deepwell	20.900	159.80	0.0750	99.50	8.610	7.930	6.50	10.050	16.70	3.300	6.000	10.130	56.0	0.00360	0.002150	20.22000	0.024300	0.0560000	0.002050
Honokohau Deepwell	21.900	233.90	0.1200	93.55	8.200	7.825	7.80	20.020	25.70	4.165	7.755	10.100	76.0	0.00205	0.000900	23.03250	0.012300	0.0379000	0.003375
Puu Lani	23.550	420.90	0.1950	94.20	7.970	8.145	41.00	48.800	53.60	3.860	10.530	17.390	79.0	0.00090	0.003100	18.93000	0.045850	0.1348667	0.002000
Puu Waawaa	23.650	280.45	0.1250	90.85	7.705	8.150	21.00	25.400	34.50	2.920	7.800	11.410	68.5	0.00000	0.002400	19.85500	0.030000	0.1125333	0.038950
NELHA Well #3B	23.700	46441.00	8.4300	0.00	7.390	7.930	4336.00	620.800	2391.00	85.000	357.580	87.100	85.0	0.00000	0.000000	17.39250	1.705375	0.0724667	0.001375
NELHA Well #3A	23.540	13983.00	8.2200	0.00	7.200	7.960	4517.00	640.400	2629.20	91.000	366.300	83.700	85.0	0.00000	0.000000	17.50000	1.600000	0.0628000	0.000000
NELHA Well #3	20.900	41362.00	26.1400	0.00	3.660	7.770	14907.00	2139.700	8291.50	285.870	1179.200	226.310	98.5	0.00000	0.000000	9.40625	5.296250	0.0000000	0.000000
NELHA Well #9B	19.210	23788.00	15.0600	116.10	6.860	7.760	8441.30	1218.300	4893.20	161.150	717.880	157.820	92.0	0.00000	0.000000	13.45000	3.089000	0.0534000	0.000000
NELHA Well #9A	17.560	32393.00	20.3600	127.40	6.650	7.710	11537.00	1640.400	6379.00	223.000	939.400	180.270	100.0	0.00000	0.000000	11.00300	4.202500	0.0000000	0.000000
NELHA Well #9	16.470	36316.00	22.9500	129.30	7.080	7.760	13152.00	1871.000	7328.90	253.370	1071.800	215.470	102.0	0.00000	0.000000	9.40250	4.697500	0.0000000	0.000000
NELHA A3	21.600	23994.00	14.6900	111.10	8.985	7.785	7459.00	1064.600	4464.10	146.000	632.800	120.200	87.0	0.00630	0.000000	14.92000	2.756500	0.0474000	0.008000
NELHA A2	23.040	19629.50	11.7750	113.20	9.005	7.775	6021.00	843.600	3715.90	120.000	498.000	104.000	85.0	0.00500	0.000000	16.36000	2.173000	0.0653333	0.005500
NELHA Well #12B	23.090	16724.00	9.9900	92.20	6.950	8.010	5555.00	761.800	3207.70	114.000	430.500	92.500	97.0	0.00280	0.002000	19.68625	1.892875	0.0811000	0.000750
NELHA Well #12A	22.130	34761.00	22.1400	36.60	2.980	7.840	12521.00	1779.000	7060.80	247.200	1026.700	198.000	98.0	0.00000	0.000000	13.06000	4.218750	0.0000000	0.000000
NELHA Well #12	21.795	41867.00	27.5100	24.35	1.810	7.800	15316.00	2188.000	8671.00	305.200	1193.330	230.090	103.0	0.00000	0.000000	8.66875	5.451250	0.0000000	0.000000
NELHA A1	24.050	24473.00	14.9900	106.30	8.195	7.990	7909.00	1132.200	5183.00	159.000	609.640	141.230	108.0	0.01500	0.000000	14.89500	2.549500	0.0705000	0.003000
Kohanaiki #1	19.900	16252.00	9.6800	79.50	6.700	7.930	5491.00	766.900	3546.00	110.000	352.800	75.400	0.0	0.00570	0.000000	17.28000	1.730000	0.0526000	0.000000
Kohanaiki #5	19.800	14591.00	8.6100	91.60	7.550	7.920	4157.40	589.100	2471.70	88.100	354.300	76.800	83.5	0.00000	0.000000	17.34000	1.597500	0.0562000	0.000000
Kohanaiki #4	20.700	14385.00	8.2500	104.40	8.960	7.870	4426.00	638.000	2440.00	87.000	355.850	81.240	80.5	0.00000	0.000000	17.50500	1.690000	0.0558000	0.000000
Kohanaiki #2	21.050	15408.00	9.1350	99.70	8.430	7.835	5355.00	755.450	3210.50	105.500	399.250	103.000	77.0	0.00250	0.000000	8.45500	0.900000	0.0280000	0.000000
Kohanaiki #7	21.000	15522.00	8.4500	100.55	9.085	7.815	4717.25	673.050	2715.60	94.800	392.345	87.485	76.0	0.00000	0.000000	17.13375	1.716000	0.0719833	0.001500
Kohanaiki #3	20.700	14961.00	8.8500	98.20	8.430	7.950	5299.00	739.700	3422.00	106.000	341.700	73.500	0.0	0.00510	0.000000	17.67000	1.700000	0.0590000	0.000000
Kohanaiki #6	19.500	14772.50	8.3150	114.25	9.505	7.745	5213.50	739.675	2974.05	103.000	423.770	94.635	84.0	0.00000	0.000000	16.81750	1.806000	0.0633000	0.000000
Kohanaiki A2	24.100	21682.00	11.5400	126.00	9.640	7.460	6724.00	929.600	4126.00	133.000	466.290	123.630	84.0	0.00650	0.000000	14.39500	2.501000	0.0407000	0.003500
Kohanaiki A30	25.200	20880.00	12.7200	101.40	7.670	7.720	6490.00	900.400	3855.00	131.000	412.000	107.500	88.5	0.00000	0.000000	14.28000	1.958000	0.0411000	0.000000
Kohanaiki A43	23.850	21527.00	13.1500	101.35	7.915	8.055	7260.00	1032.500	4329.50	141.500	560.650	143.350	88.0	0.03405	0.000000	14.45500	2.523500	0.0233500	0.009750
Kohanaiki A5	24.600	20664.00	12.5800	116.00	8.990	8.050	7149.00	993.300	4572.00	141.000	459.200	101.400	0.0	0.00670	0.000000	14.56000	2.020000	0.0397000	0.000000
Kohanaiki A69	25.100	23339.00	14.2300	92.50	7.260	7.590	7900.00	1130.000	4358.00	152.000	548.000	119.300	84.0	0.02100	0.000000	13.05000	2.459500	0.0286000	0.004500
Kohanaiki A76	27.100	23313.00	14.3400	155.30	11.130	8.260	0.00	0.000	0.00	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.0	0.00000	0.000000	0.00000	0.000000	0.0000000	0.000000
Kohanaiki A172	28.200	22907.00	13.6200	119.20	8.650	8.230	7533.00	1099.000	4139.00	144.000	594.060	134.500	87.5	0.01050	0.000000	10.76000	3.011500	0.0000000	0.000000
Kohanaiki A121	26.750	22360.00	11.2550	123.10	8.850	7.980	8395.00	1189.900	5447.00	165.000	538.300	116.800	76.0	0.00790	0.000000	12.28000	2.280000	0.0250000	0.000000
Kohanaiki A139	27.350	27118.00	16.9050	162.70	11.550	8.210	9398.00	1340.000	5626.00	182.500	752.550	186.500	94.0	0.05090	0.000000	12.02500	3.205000	0.0169500	0.012000
QLT A30	25.400	19166.00	11.5900	86.60	6.610	7.700	7138.00	975.800	4603.00	142.000	491.300	99.400	0.0	0.00600	0.000000	13.43000	2.340000	0.0262000	0.000000
QLT A5	26.900	30472.50	19.0200	68.85	4.320	7.765	10010.45	1404.100	5739.80	200.150	792.550	156.350	84.0	0.00395	0.000000	10.71950	3.431250	0.0381833	0.011000
QLT A8	25.100	24359.00	14.9200	81.50	6.080	7.225	7981.80	1095.350	4562.00	159.350	624.220	131.570	74.0	0.01075	0.000000	12.18350	2.766750	0.0386000	0.002250
QLT A36	27.150	24843.50	15.3700	42.00	3.075	7.090	7546.25	1032.900	4362.45	153.800	628.100	129.300	80.0	0.01075	0.000000	12.93000	2.633125	0.0449500	0.002250
QLT A4S	25.600	26155.00	16.0500	57.25	4.270	7.055	8029.60	1121.200	4626.35	162.350	654.740	132.360	77.0	0.00315	0.000000	12.19650	2.826750	0.0370000	0.001750
QLT A1	25.650	22926.00	13.9550	64.10	5.025	7.000	7437.65	1027.300	4242.85	149.900	584.435	124.200	79.0	0.00310	0.000000	12.91750	2.575000	0.0215000	0.005000
QLT A32	24.400	23102.00	14.2000	24.15	1.865	6.885	8892.65	1226.700	5368.25	174.550	667.200	147.100	78.0	0.00340	0.000000	12.07850	2.805500	0.0000000	0.000000
QLT Maka Eo	21.450	22039.50	13.3950	109.95	8.965	7.640	7636.80	1044.700	4385.95	151.150	597.820	122.460	76.0	0.00295	0.000000	12.95300	2.528500	0.0464500	0.006750
Parker Ranch Deepwell	23.000	153.40	0.0600	91.00	7.840	7.850	8.00	3.100	12.00	2.700	7.500	10.900	64.0	0.00000	0.000000	22.57000	0.099500	0.0070000	0.020650
Parker #2 Deepwell	26.700	703.00	0.3400	90.40	7.190	7.890	112.00	27.700	76.40	6.310	22.950	16.700	84.0	0.00610	0.004100	24.93500	0.086900	0.0541667	0.003750
Lalamilo B Deepwell	26.200	496.00	0.2300	79.30	6.230	7.830	76.90	22.800	54.50	5.450	19.230	14.860	82.0	0.00430	0.003700	25.17000	0.069550	0.0505667	0.002350
Lalamilo A Deepwell	26.100	460.00	0.2000	82.30	6.430	7.900	73.00	21.300	54.00	5.230	18.400	14.460	82.0	0.00450	0.003450	26.89000	0.070000	0.0460667	0.011650
Parker #4 Deepwell	27.100	738.00	0.3500	84.80	6.740	7.910	124.40	31.600	83.20	6.700	23.000	16.000	84.0	0.00600	0.004050	25.34500	0.085150	0.0537333	0.002250
Lalamilo C Deepwell	26.150	567.85	0.2600	97.00	7.870	7.855	95.60	24.700	64.90	6.220	19.815	15.080	80.0	0.00585	0.003600	26.07000	0.077550	0.0496167	0.002250
Kahaluu B Deepwell	20.300	980.00	0.4560	113.90	10.210	7.950	251.80	42.940	148.15	5.960	23.895	26.245	42.5	0.01015	0.001850	20.22500	0.159725	0.0444167	0.004125
Kahaluu D Deepwell	20.200	940.00	0.4360	98.50	8.540	7.520	242.00	41.800	144.00	6.000	23.800	25.100	42.0	0.01030	0.001700	20.21000	0.153000	0.0468667	0.000000
Kahaluu C Deepwell	20.300	334.50	0.1470	100.10	8.480	7.850	56.40	16.600	38.00	3.050	8.300	13.300	42.0	0.00000	0.002000	20.34000	0.044150	0.0485333	0.006500
Kahaluu A Deepwell	20.600	613.95	0.2740	92.60	8.075	7.920	138.00	27.400	82.00	4.500	14.550	21.450	42.5	0.00000	0.001000	22.27500	0.098750	0.0443000	0.017550
Palani Ranch Deepwell	22.000	228.10	0.0925	89.95	7.760	7.975	8.50	22.150	26.50	4.000	8.600	11.450	76.0	0.00305	0.001075	23.61000	0.025375	0.0735833	0.006025
Ocean End Member 28m	26.250	60926.50	40.9000	111.65	7.170	7.980	19484.00	2749.600	11117.90	386.800	1597.970	314.960	117.0	0.00000	0.000000	0.00000	6.830000	0.0000000	0.018750
Ocean End Member 674m	6.150	61602.50	40.5950	27.45	2.575	7.520	19747.00	2769.600	11035.00	387.000	1582.190	319.140	120.0	0.00000	0.000000	2.18400	6.942000	0.0000000	0.007500
Ocean End Member 900m	5.070	60858.00	35.1900	58.70	4.000	7.420	20055.00	2865.300	11385.00	391.100	1552.900	300.700	123.0	0.00000	0.000000	3.22000	7.356000	0.0000000	0.000000
Keei B Deepwell	19.150	1138.50	0.5350	94.60	8.610	7.425	245.00	39.300	147.00	6.000	23.800	16.500	37.5	0.00000	0.000000	24.51000	0.125000	0.0430000	0.160600
Keei D Deepwell	18.700	132.70	0.0540	115.20	10.400	7.790	4.00	10.500	13.00	1.790	3.800	8.190	38.0	0.00000	0.001400	19.47500	0.016600	0.0520000	0.003650
Halekii Deepwell	21.400	138.50	0.0540	104.50	9.030	7.820	4.60	15.000	17.00	2.100	3.700	8.610	42.0	0.00000	0.001500	21.08000	0.017850	0.0544667	0.007800
Kahaluu Shaft	20.300	1499.00	0.7200	91.30	8.130	7.820	389.00	61.400	206.80	8.000	36.200	40.100	42.0	0.00990	0.001900	20.18000	0.218000	0.0387500	0.001150
Keei A Deepwell	19.600	1638.00	0.8300	100.40	10.030	7.680	401.00	66.000	233.00	9.000	41.700	24.100	37.0	0.00000	0.001200	21.41000	0.204850	0.0450000	0.093400
Kukio R-O Feed	23.000	1397.50	0.6700	114.50	9.465	7.160	188.65	111.100	111.05	11.155	114.690	44.675	382.0	0.00775	0.000950	32.10750	0.099475	0.0869500	0.012775
Huehue Ranch 5	23.700	1803.00	0.8860	67.30	5.620	7.110	84.50	314.400	165.40	9.400	138.400	48.300	486.0	0.00000	0.000000	27.63500	0.061900	0.0747000	0.077750
Huehue Ranch 2	21.900	1335.00	0.6400	60.60	5.370	6.940	200.00	69.000	114.00	11.000	100.000	45.980	358.0	0.01050	0.001000	33.11000	0.111000	0.0950000	0.008200
Huehue Ranch 3	20.300	1536.00	0.7440	37.00	3.890	7.080	171.00	242.000	98.00	9.000	152.800	43.800	365.0	0.00180	0.000000	28.34000	0.070000	0.0750000	0.004750
Fifty-One FT STP	24.150	3420.50	1.7780	76.55	6.240	7.875	1092.00	190.600	640.50	27.500	90.250	38.300	68.5	0.00530	0.001500	24.54500	0.372450	0.1097000	0.005450
Waikoloa Irr 3	24.100	2184.00	1.0910	96.50	7.690	8.030	568.40	116.860	340.60	15.900	59.140	21.600	66.0	0.00530	0.002900	23.87000	0.224900	0.1073333	0.001600
DW-7	26.500	287.70	0.1200	80.50	6.280	7.990	26.40	16.400	33.00	4.000	14.550	10.400	84.0	0.00360	0.003850	25.88000	0.044100	0.0519333	0.002400
Waikoloa DW-6	28.500	726.00	0.3300	77.20	5.790	7.970	128.20	41.000	97.40	8.050	27.200	15.380	111.0	0.00770	0.003700	26.30000	0.089550	0.0597667	0.002100
Waikoloa 2	28.600	660.00	0.3000	78.50	5.820	7.930	116.00	38.000	87.00	7.000	27.100	16.560	103.0	0.00750	0.004050	27.66000	0.088700	0.0627000	0.001850
Waikoloa 3	28.200	512.00	0.2330	72.40	5.580	7.870	68.00	30.600	63.50	6.020	19.060	12.700	103.0	0.00350	0.003350	26.54500	0.064950	0.0635333	0.002700
Parker 4	26.700	350.10	0.1500	87.60	6.820	7.970	30.00	17.470	34.80	4.200	14.500	10.890	84.0	0.00230	0.004000	25.67000	0.046200	0.0527667	0.001600
Parker 5	26.500	303.80	0.1280	75.30	5.870	8.190	28.00	16.600	34.00	4.000	12.900	9.900	82.0	0.00000	0.000000	31.99000	0.048000	0.0550000	0.000000
NELHA Well #1	20.800	18815.00	11.3300	91.65	6.150	7.760	6236.00	909.600	3567.50	124.000	546.700	122.000	86.0	0.00000	0.000000	16.05000	2.495750	0.0490000	0.007250
Keopu 2	21.800	440.00	0.2050	85.00	7.520	8.375	6.00	8.650	13.85	2.875	6.070	11.935	50.0	0.00215	0.001400	18.26250	0.026775	0.0461167	0.050625
Keopu 1	21.300	1980.00	0.9800	17.60	1.530	10.770	609.00	85.000	332.00	18.000	1.200	124.400	39.0	0.01130	0.000000	1.26000	0.327950	0.0000000	0.002500
Kahaluu DW1 (96m)	21.700	3110.00	1.6000	16.70	1.450	8.490	4910.00	640.000	2599.00	89.000	312.500	133.500	46.0	0.00000	0.000000	0.00000	0.000000	0.0000000	0.000000
Kahaluu DW1 (115m)	22.300	38350.00	24.6400	21.60	1.550	8.270	12635.00	1760.000	6901.00	221.000	1063.100	310.500	82.0	0.00000	0.000000	0.00000	0.000000	0.0000000	0.000000
Parker #3 Deepwell	26.650	433.20	0.2000	96.80	7.660	7.815	49.35	19.320	42.30	4.920	16.305	13.030	83.0	0.00480	0.004150	25.57750	0.054750	0.0534500	0.001575
Waikoloa 1	26.500	312.25	0.1400	96.20	7.610	8.015	27.85	16.400	32.05	4.005	14.400	11.115	84.5	0.00530	0.004250	25.98750	0.043775	0.0542500	0.008475
Resort Irr 2	24.700	2522.00	1.2800	90.50	7.380	7.940	679.00	132.000	398.00	18.000	64.600	28.600	64.0	0.01530	0.004800	34.20000	0.406350	0.1657000	0.009750
Resort 1	23.900	2920.50	1.5050	96.65	8.005	8.040	730.95	136.650	441.50	19.460	73.160	23.850	66.0	0.00385	0.003450	22.46500	0.288700	0.1124000	0.004275
Nursery	23.500	3794.50	1.9950	99.05	8.280	7.905	1001.15	175.350	601.35	25.350	97.060	28.600	68.0	0.00575	0.003200	22.41000	0.374650	0.1036167	0.003400
Keopu Deepwell	21.300	155.45	0.0600	98.00	8.585	7.920	6.10	9.970	16.10	3.530	6.200	10.300	57.0	0.00120	0.002375	19.71250	0.023550	0.0561167	0.007750
Kohanaiki A46	22.850	16091.00	9.5850	66.80	5.290	7.110	4882.50	696.400	2733.15	98.460	442.910	123.825	71.5	0.03450	0.000000	12.79500	1.960500	0.0296667	0.015625
Kohanaiki A77	22.900	22503.00	13.8000	113.10	8.650	7.850	7646.00	1079.000	4212.00	146.000	684.800	195.200	91.0	0.00000	0.000000	14.68000	3.089250	0.0000000	0.023250
Kohanaiki A120	24.200	24153.00	14.9000	158.90	12.160	8.200	8399.00	1217.000	4612.00	156.000	731.800	206.400	90.0	0.00000	0.000000	0.00000	0.000000	0.0000000	0.000000
Kau (Makalei) Deepwell	24.300	1389.00	0.6800	100.10	8.195	7.305	238.80	64.650	129.70	13.415	76.030	42.395	245.0	0.01355	0.001575	30.62750	0.099550	0.1015167	0.077550
Kekaha Kai - Small Pool	29.300	21222.00	12.5200	106.40	7.620	7.500	6033.10	880.200	3523.20	127.800	516.850	117.780	128.0	0.00000	0.000000	19.56000	2.364000	0.0726667	0.007000
Kekaha Kai - Kaelehuluhulu	25.700	25651.00	15.6300	98.30	7.130	7.730	7717.10	1109.600	4329.00	159.000	665.200	155.480	132.0	0.02100	0.000000	18.13500	3.043000	0.0735000	0.003000
Kekaha Kai - Kua Bay	24.700	14615.00	8.4900	121.80	9.820	8.040	3813.10	756.900	2330.80	89.400	490.020	70.240	398.0	0.00750	0.003000	22.30000	0.884500	0.0713333	0.008000
Huehue Ranch 4	23.700	1422.00	0.6800	58.70	4.960	6.630	161.40	103.900	112.90	12.430	121.050	41.840	454.0	0.00430	0.000400	35.58500	0.101050	0.0747667	0.050200
QLT A4N	30.200	24100.00	14.9500	114.95	8.550	7.440	0.00	0.000	0.00	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.0	0.00000	0.000000	0.00000	0.000000	0.0000000	0.000000
West Hawaii Landfill	22.400	4161.00	2.2100	105.70	9.020	8.020	991.10	176.300	595.70	27.200	98.510	30.100	74.0	0.00610	0.003900	20.80000	0.363800	0.1331333	0.015100
Kohanaiki A48	24.500	18130.00	7.7400	64.00	4.980	7.740	3651.80	514.500	2063.60	77.270	293.920	69.960	62.0	0.00000	0.000000	12.74500	1.215500	0.0610000	0.005500
Kahaluu DW	23.900	4560.00	2.4300	0.00	0.000	8.800	871.50	121.600	487.50	16.900	71.280	47.630	0.0	0.01210	0.000500	8.12000	0.543250	0.0050000	0.004250
Mouth ocean	24.200	29469.50	18.2750	119.65	9.065	7.915	9110.90	1324.750	5222.25	180.705	755.325	146.615	95.5	0.00000	0.002000	11.88125	3.273375	0.0565833	0.019375
Inside mouth channel	22.400	8341.50	4.6550	102.90	8.655	7.670	2049.05	314.000	1240.40	46.670	188.575	47.935	80.5	0.00540	0.003050	19.89200	0.820300	0.1422333	0.003150
Kitchen corner inlet	21.600	7512.50	4.1800	93.35	7.915	7.430	1537.65	246.950	911.20	35.510	142.025	39.280	80.0	0.00560	0.003100	20.93550	0.606600	0.1431333	0.007450
Big Bridge	21.850	6840.00	3.7700	92.70	7.935	7.515	1705.00	266.050	1018.65	39.185	156.980	42.425	77.0	0.00700	0.003900	20.68150	0.667400	0.1474667	0.004950
Back spring	20.800	5211.00	2.8150	104.05	9.155	7.680	1287.55	204.250	778.50	31.570	120.875	35.060	72.5	0.00575	0.003300	20.23750	0.495425	0.1470333	0.002000
Makani Golf Course	22.850	556.00	0.2700	110.80	9.525	8.010	65.60	60.860	65.85	4.245	14.495	20.630	77.0	0.00120	0.003300	19.06750	0.056900	0.1359667	0.022125
NELHA RODI	0.000	0.00	0.0000	0.00	0.000	0.000	0.09	0.000	0.05	0.010	0.100	0.200	0.0	0.00200	0.000000	0.00000	0.000000	0.0000000	0.001900

Model:

plot(gw.dat, col ="forest green")

Calcium <- lm(Calcium ~ Conduct + Salinity + DO_sat + DO_diss, data = gw.dat)
summary(Calcium)

## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Calcium ~ Conduct + Salinity + DO_sat + DO_diss, 
##     data = gw.dat)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -129.620   -9.369   -4.547    7.992   89.955 
## 
## Coefficients:
##               Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept) 46.5400327 10.0021267   4.653 1.03e-05 ***
## Conduct      0.0003891  0.0009886   0.394    0.695    
## Salinity     6.9382642  1.6527152   4.198 5.93e-05 ***
## DO_sat       0.0373202  0.2077271   0.180    0.858    
## DO_diss     -4.0134329  2.9257285  -1.372    0.173    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 28.83 on 98 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.8638, Adjusted R-squared:  0.8583 
## F-statistic: 155.4 on 4 and 98 DF,  p-value: < 2.2e-16

Magnesium <- lm(Magnesium ~ Conduct + Salinity + DO_sat + DO_diss, data = gw.dat)
summary(Magnesium)

## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Magnesium ~ Conduct + Salinity + DO_sat + DO_diss, 
##     data = gw.dat)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -604.08  -13.27   -0.37   24.79  176.88 
## 
## Coefficients:
##               Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept) 84.2259742 34.6837126   2.428    0.017 *  
## Conduct      0.0008013  0.0034280   0.234    0.816    
## Salinity    38.8240518  5.7310109   6.774 9.35e-10 ***
## DO_sat      -0.1181013  0.7203214  -0.164    0.870    
## DO_diss     -7.7543430 10.1453552  -0.764    0.447    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 99.96 on 98 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.9343, Adjusted R-squared:  0.9316 
## F-statistic: 348.2 on 4 and 98 DF,  p-value: < 2.2e-16

Silicon <- lm( Silicon ~ Temp + Salinity + DO_sat + DO_diss, data = gw.dat)
summary(Silicon)

## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Silicon ~ Temp + Salinity + DO_sat + DO_diss, data = gw.dat)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -19.1973  -1.7686   0.2056   2.9624  14.2643 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept) 13.53004    3.58565   3.773 0.000276 ***
## Temp         0.28308    0.14027   2.018 0.046306 *  
## Salinity    -0.57138    0.06862  -8.326 5.08e-13 ***
## DO_sat      -0.01907    0.03611  -0.528 0.598708    
## DO_diss      0.52205    0.51419   1.015 0.312467    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 5.828 on 98 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.5121, Adjusted R-squared:  0.4922 
## F-statistic: 25.72 on 4 and 98 DF,  p-value: 1.389e-14

Output:

library(ggplot2)
library(jtools)
library(ggstance)
library(ggpubr)
library(plotly)

plot_summs(Calcium, scale = TRUE, plot.distributions = TRUE, inner_ci_level = 0.9, colors = "#6600FF")

plot_summs(Magnesium, scale = TRUE, plot.distributions = TRUE, inner_ci_level = 0.9, colors = "#6699CC")

plot_summs(Silicon, scale = TRUE, plot.distributions = TRUE, inner_ci_level = 0.9, colors = "#339900")

cal.reg<-ggscatter(gw.dat, x = "Salinity", y = "Calcium", 
          add = "reg.line", conf.int = TRUE, 
          cor.coef = TRUE, cor.method = "pearson",mainlab = NULL,
          xlab = "Salinity", ylab = "Calcium", color = "#6600FF", pch = 1)
cal.reg

mg.reg<-ggscatter(gw.dat, x = "Salinity", y = "Magnesium", 
          add = "reg.line", conf.int = TRUE, 
          cor.coef = TRUE, cor.method = "pearson",mainlab = NULL,
          xlab = "Salinity", ylab = "Magnesium", color = "#6699CC", pch = 1)
mg.reg

si.reg<-ggscatter(gw.dat, x = "Salinity", y = "Silicon", 
          add = "reg.line", conf.int = TRUE, 
          cor.coef = TRUE, cor.method = "pearson",mainlab = NULL,
          xlab = "Salinity", ylab = "Silicon", color = "#339900", pch = 1)
si.reg

si.reg2<-ggscatter(gw.dat, x = "Temp", y = "Silicon", 
          add = "reg.line", conf.int = TRUE, 
          cor.coef = TRUE, cor.method = "pearson",mainlab = NULL,
          xlab = "Temperature", ylab = "Silicon", color = "#339900", pch = 1)
si.reg2

var_1 <- gw.dat$Temp
var_2 <- gw.dat$Salinity
var_3 <- gw.dat$Silicon

Silicon3D <- plot_ly(gw.dat, 
             x = var_1, 
             y = var_2, 
             z = var_3)%>%
  
add_markers(color = ~Silicon) %>%
  
layout(scene = list(xaxis = list(title = "Temperature"), 
                    yaxis = list(title = "Salinity"), 
                    zaxis = list(title = "Silicon")))

Silicon3D

Results & conclusion:

Initially we sought out to see if any of the physical variables influenced the groundwater variables. With the PCA and RDA, we could see that there was potential that this was the case. With the PCAs would could see that salinity and conductivity account for the most variablity amongst the physical variables. With the RDA we saw how some of the individual groundwater variables might be influenced by particular physical variables. The first two axes explain most of the variation (RDA1 = 0.611, RDA2 = 0.037), so plotting those two is appropriate. 64.45% of the variation in groundwater variables can be explained by the model. The RDA highlighted that calcium, magnesium, and silicon might be influenced by salinity, conductivity, temperature and the two oxygen variables. We created new hypotheses to investigate these parameters.
Calcium was found to be positively influenced by salinity (p <0.01), but not by conductivity (p = 0.695), dissolved oxygen (p = 0.858) or oxygen saturation (p = 0.173). 85.83% of the variation in calcium was explained by the model. Magnesium was also found to be positively influenced by salinity (p <0.01), but not by conductivity (p = 0.816), dissolved oxygen (p = 0.870), or oxygen saturation (p = 0.447). 93.16% of the variation in magnesium was explained by the model. Silicon was negatively influenced by salinity (p < 0.01) and also positively influenced by temperature (p = 0.046). 49.22% of the variation in calcium was explained by the model.
Salinity appears to be a significant influencer of groundwater variables. We can see that as salinity increases, so does calcium and magnesium. Li and Jun (2019) talk about the importance of salinity to the nucleation of calcium carbonate. Calcium carbonate is incredibly vital to marine life, particularly coral reefs and other invertebrates. The incorporation of magnesium and calcium in foraminifera can be used as an indicator of sea surface temperatures, because as salinity and temperatures increase, so does the incorporation of those elements (Dissard et al. 2010). Interestingly, silicon decreases as salinity increases. Temperature, though, appears to have a slight positive influence on silicon. In the 3D model of silicon by salinity and temperature, it shows how as salinity decreases and temperature increase, silicon will increase. Silicon is crucial for diatoms, which are a large part of marine primary productivity and carbon fixation (Kristiansen & Hoell 2002). Knowing how salinity and temperature change around coastal areas is important information in regards to marine production. That can translate to how fisheries and other ecosystems are subsisting. It also would be interesting to see how temperature influences other groundwater variables. Rising sea surface temperatures have had negative consequences on other marine parameters, knowing how it effects these particular variables would be helpful in monitoring climate change.

Literature cited:

Dissard D, Nehrke G, Reichard GJ, Bijma J. 2010.The impact of salinity on the Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratio in the benthic foraminifera Ammonia tepida: Results from culture experiments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 74(3):928-940

Kristiansen S, Hoell EE. 2002. The importance of silicon for marine production. Sustainable Increase of Marine Harvesting: Fundamental Mechanisms and New Concepts DOI:10.1007/978-94-017-3190-4_3

Qingyun Li, Young-Shin Jun. 2019. Salinity-induced reduction of interfacial energies and kinetic factors during calcium carbonate nucleation on quartz. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 123(23): DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b00378